Table 1.
List of metabolites showing FDR significant association with IS level under hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp.
| Metabolite | Sub-pathway metabolism | Beta | p-value | Beta (Rep) | p-value (Rep) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Histidine | Histidine | − 0.07 | 6.89 × 10–3 | − 0.01 | 8.55 × 10–1 |
| Isoleucine | Leucine, isoleucine and valine | − 0.13 | 1.53 × 10–4 | − 0.29 | 2.72 × 10–7 |
| Leucine | − 0.15 | 1.39 × 10–5 | − 0.19 | 1.78 × 10–4 | |
| Methionine | Methionine and taurine | − 0.11 | 1.11 × 10–3 | − 0.13 | 2.17 × 10–3 |
| Phenylalanine | Phenylalanine | − 0.11 | 8.73 × 10–5 | − 0.12 | 6.00 × 10–3 |
| Tryptophan | Tryptophan | − 0.14 | 2.19 × 10–4 | − 0.12 | 3.33 × 10–3 |
| Tyrosine | Tyrosine | − 0.17 | 4.98 × 10–5 | − 0.25 | 9.93 × 10–7 |
| Erythronate | Aminosugar | 0.12 | 7.77 × 10–5 | − 0.05 | 2.26 × 10–1 |
| Mannose | Fructose, mannose and galactose | − 0.26 | 1.99 × 10–9 | − 0.42 | 1.28 × 10–6 |
| Galactonate | 0.71 | 4.45 × 10–5 | 0.28 | 4.17 × 10–1 | |
| Maltose | Glycogen | 0.48 | 6.00 × 10–8 | ND | ND |
| Pyruvate | Glycolysis | 0.15 | 9.26 × 10–3 | − 0.01 | 9.01 × 10–1 |
| Arabinose | Pentose | 0.25 | 1.51 × 10–3 | − 0.02 | 7.31 × 10–1 |
| Arabonate/xylonate | 0.28 | 2.48 × 10–5 | ND | ND | |
| 2-Hydroxystearate | Fatty acid, monohydroxy | − 0.12 | 9.66 × 10–3 | 0.02 | 7.48 × 10–1 |
| Myristoleate (14:1n5) | Long chain fatty acid | − 0.41 | 2.06 × 10–3 | − 0.55 | 3.20 × 10–3 |
| 10-Heptadecenoate (17:1n7) | − 0.31 | 4.83 × 10–3 | − 0.36 | 2.73 × 10–3 | |
| Myristate (14:0) | − 0.21 | 1.30 × 10–2 | − 0.14 | 1.53 × 10–1 | |
| FFA(18:1) | − 0.19 | 2.31 × 10–3 | ND | ND | |
| FFA(18:2) | − 0.18 | 8.41 × 10–3 | ND | ND | |
| Oleate/vaccenate (18:1) | − 0.33 | 6.89 × 10–3 | ND | ND | |
| Caprate (10:0) | Medium chain fatty acid | − 0.25 | 2.58 × 10–3 | − 0.07 | 2.63 × 10–1 |
| Laurate (12:0) | − 0.23 | 4.13 × 10–3 | − 0.06 | 5.06 × 10–1 | |
| Linolenate | Polyunsaturated fatty acid | − 0.31 | 5.11 × 10–3 | − 0.34 | 9.31 × 10–3 |
| Adrenate (22:4n6) | − 0.34 | 3.80 × 10–3 | − 0.20 | 1.60 × 10–1 | |
| Docosapentaenoate (DPA; 22:5n3) | − 0.24 | 1.01 × 10–3 | − 0.09 | 3.53 × 10–1 | |
| Eicosapentaenoate (EPA; 20:5n3) | − 0.36 | 1.49 × 10–4 | 0.05 | 5.81 × 10–1 | |
| Dihomo-linolenate (20:3n3) | − 0.23 | 5.44 × 10–3 | − 0.06 | 3.91 × 10–1 | |
| PC(16:0/12:0) | Phosphatidylcholine | − 0.16 | 9.62 × 10–4 | ND | ND |
| TAG46:1-FA14:1 | Triacylglycerol | − 0.37 | 8.14 × 10–6 | ND | ND |
| Uridine | Pyrimidine | − 0.21 | 3.31 × 10–6 | − 0.12 | 1.78 × 10–3 |
| γ-Glutamylmethionine | Gamma-glutamyl amino acid | − 0.13 | 3.30 × 10–3 | − 0.15 | 6.29 × 10–2 |
| γ-Glutamylphenylalanine | − 0.14 | 6.18 × 10–3 | − 0.14 | 1.37 × 10–2 | |
| X-24813 | Unknown | − 0.09 | 5.21 × 10–4 | ND | ND |
| X-24455 | − 0.14 | 1.14 × 10–2 | ND | ND | |
| X-23369 | − 0.24 | 1.64 × 10–3 | ND | ND | |
| Lactobacillic acid | Bacterial/Fungal | − 0.30 | 1.24 × 10–2 | ND | ND |
| Gluconate | Food component/plant | 0.52 | 7.25 × 10–6 | 0.18 | 5.49 × 10–3 |
| Tartarate | 0.36 | 9.46 × 10–5 | ND | ND |
ND indicate not detected metabolites in replication cohort. The p-value was defined by the statistical contrast between estimated metabolite levels and IS (high and low) under hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (T2). Beta, reflects the directionality of the changes relative to the subjects with high IS. Beta (rep) and p-value (rep) indicate coefficient and p-value values calculated in replication cohort, respectively.