Table 1.
Nutritive value, metabolizable energy, fatty acid and antioxidants profiles of forage used in grazing, zero-grazing, grass silage treatments and concentrate used in all treatments.
| Item | Grazing | Zero-Grazing | Grass Silage | Concentrate |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry matter (DM, %) | 21.18 | 24.04 | 30.52 | 87.71 |
| Organic matter (% DM) | 87.45 | 91.15 | 89.47 | 91.43 |
| Crude protein (% DM) | 15.12 | 10.86 | 9.86 | 20.33 |
| Neutral detergent fiber (% DM) | 57.40 | 58.97 | 67.87 | 19.31 |
| Metabolizable energy (MJ/kg DM) | 9.56 | 9.29 | 8.27 | 12.74 |
| Fatty Acids (g/100 g fatty acids) | ||||
| 10:1 cis-9 | 0.28 | NA 1 | 0.06 | 0.02 |
| 11:0 | 0.21 | NA | 0.84 | 0.01 |
| 12:0 | 0.70 | NA | 1.12 | 0.18 |
| 13:0 | 0.86 | NA | 0.88 | 0.01 |
| 14:0 | 0.62 | NA | 0.80 | 0.49 |
| 15:0 | 0.14 | NA | 0.33 | 0.05 |
| 15:1 cis-10 | 1.33 | NA | 1.14 | 0.00 |
| 16:0 | 18.19 | NA | 19.97 | 25.33 |
| 16:1 cis-7 + 16:1 trans-9 | 2.31 | NA | 1.43 | 0.05 |
| 16:1 cis-9 | 0.27 | NA | 1.16 | 0.14 |
| 17:0 | 0.28 | NA | 0.51 | 0.10 |
| 18:0 | 1.98 | NA | 2.61 | 2.77 |
| 18:1 cis-9 | 3.74 | NA | 8.98 | 28.09 |
| 18:2 cis-9 cis-12 | 16.50 | NA | 28.22 | 39.15 |
| 18:3 cis-6 cis-9 cis-12 | 0.11 | NA | 0.19 | 0.05 |
| 18:3 cis-9 cis-12 cis-15 | 49.05 | NA | 26.76 | 2.37 |
| 20:0 | 0.73 | NA | 0.87 | 0.29 |
| 20:1 cis-9 | 0.24 | NA | 0.32 | 0.25 |
| 20:1 cis-11 | 0.31 | NA | 0.50 | 0.35 |
| 21:0 | 0.17 | NA | 0.32 | 0.05 |
| 22:0 | 1.08 | NA | 1.49 | 0.13 |
| 23:0 | 0.15 | NA | 0.35 | 0.03 |
| 24:0 | 0.65 | NA | 1.05 | 0.09 |
| 24:1 | 0.11 | NA | 0.10 | 0.01 |
| ∑ SFA 2 | 25.75 | NA | 31.14 | 29.52 |
| ∑ MUFA 3 | 8.58 | NA | 13.69 | 28.91 |
| ∑ PUFA 4 | 65.67 | NA | 55.17 | 41.56 |
| PUFA to SFA ratio | 2.55 | NA | 1.77 | 1.41 |
| n-6 to n-3 ratio | 0.34 | NA | 1.05 | 16.54 |
| Antioxidants (mg/kg DM) | ||||
| Neoxanthin | 14.97 | NA | 0.44 | 0.04 |
| Violaxanthin | 13.28 | NA | 0.29 | <LQ 5 |
| Antheraxanthin | 1.58 | NA | 0.95 | 0.01 |
| Lutein | 62.45 | NA | 23.79 | 0.43 |
| Zeaxanthin | 3.21 | NA | 1.49 | 0.07 |
| Β-Cryptoxanthin | 0.57 | NA | 0.18 | 0.04 |
| ∑-trans-β-Carotenes | 30.81 | NA | 7.17 | 0.09 |
| 9-cis-β-Carotenes | 6.28 | NA | 2.13 | 0.06 |
| 13-cis-β-Carotenes | 3.44 | NA | 0.82 | 0.08 |
| α-tocopherol | 9.64 | NA | 8.45 | 2.83 |
| γ-tocopherol | 1.60 | NA | 1.03 | 4.29 |
1 not analyzed. 2 Saturated fatty acids. 3 Monounsaturated fatty acids. 4 Polyunsaturated fatty acids. 5 <LQ, below quantification level.