Table 1.
List of molecular factors, cell targets and functions involved in EVs in bone metastatic microenvironment.
| Tumor | Origin of EVs | Molecular Factors | Target | Function | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCa | PCa cells (PC3) | unspecified | osteoclasts | promotion of osteoclast differentiation | [50] |
| PCa cells (PC3) | unspecified | osteoblasts | promotion of osteoblasts proliferation | [50] | |
| PCa cells (PC3) | CAVIN1 (not contained in EVs) | osteoclasts | inhibition of osteoclast differentiation by altering EV cargo | [50] | |
| PCa cells (PC3) | CAVIN1 (not contained in EVs) | osteoblasts | inhibition of osteoblast proliferation by altering EV cargo | [50] | |
| PCa cells (TRAMP-C1) | unspecified | osteoclasts | inhibition of osteoclast fusion and differentiation | [51] | |
| PCa cells (PC3, DU145) | ETS1 | osteoblasts | promotion of osteoblast differentiation | [52] | |
| PCa cells (MDA-PCa-2b) | miR-141-3p | osteoblasts | promotion of osteoblasts activity and increase OPG (osteoclast inhibitory factor) expression | [53] | |
| PCa cells (C4, C4-2, C4-2B) | miR-940 | osteoblasts | promotion of osteoblast differentiation targeting ARHGAP1 and FAM134A | [54] | |
| PCa cells (PC3) | miRNA (i.e., miR-21) and miRNA (i.e., CSF-1) | osteoblasts | promotion of osteoblast viability | [55] | |
| osteoblasts | mineralization stage-specific protein | PCa cells (PC3) | promotion of PCa cell proliferation | [56] | |
| BCa | BCa cells (MDA-MB-231) | L-plastin | osteoclasts | promotion of osteoclast activation | [57] |
| BCa cells (MDA-MB-231) | miR-218 | osteoblasts | inhibition of osteoblast defferentiation | [54] | |
| BCa cells (EO771) | unspecified | CD8 CD4 T-cells, NK cells | inhibitoin of immune cell activity against target tumor cells | [58] | |
| BM-MSCs | miR-23b | BCa cells (MDA-MB-231) | suprression of BCa cell proliferation, as well as sensitivity to chemotherapy and acquisition of a dormant phenotype | [59] | |
| MSCs | miR-222/223 | BCa cells (MDA-MB-231) | suprression of BCa cell proliferation as well as sensitivity to chemotherapy | [60] | |
| LungCa | NSCLC cells (CRL-2868, A549) | AREG | osteoclasts | promotion of osteoclast differentiation | [61] |
| NSCLC cells (A549) | miR-21 | osteoclasts | promotion of osteoclast differentiation | [62] | |
| NSCLC cells (A549) | miR-192 | endthelial cells | promotion of osteoclast differentiation | [63] |