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. 2020 Aug 25;9(9):783. doi: 10.3390/antiox9090783

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effects of hippuric acid (HA) on fibrotic gene expression in HK-2 cells. (A) Relative mRNA and (B) protein expression levels of collagen-I (COL1A1), vimentin (VIM), E-cadherin (CDH1), alpha-smooth muscle actin (ACTA2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP1) after treatment with 0–1000 μM HA. Quantification was performed by densitometry. (C) Immunofluorescence staining for CDH1 (red) and ACTA2 (green) after treatment with 250 and 1000 μM HA. Nuclei (blue) were stained with DAPI. Bar = 100 μm. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. * p < 0.05 vs. control (Ctrl) cells. Experiments were repeated three to four times.