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The RANKL/OPG/RANK (receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand/osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of NF-kappa B) are secreted and regulated by various cells and different cytokines. The RANKL and OPG can be produced by bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and osteoblasts (OBs) to interact or compete RNAK in osteoclast and osteoblast. The OPG can regulated by cytokines, like interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, TGF-β, estradiol, and 17b-estradiol.
