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(a) Schematic illustration of polydopamine-assisted hydroxyapatite functionalization (pHAF) coating of the PDA layer by auto-oxidation of the DA on the substrate, followed by the mineralization of HA on PDA layer in SBF solution. Characterization of HA formed on the PDA-coated Titanium substrate: (b) TEM, (c) EDX, (d) XRD. Reprinted with permission from reference [2]. Copyright Wiley 2010.
