Table 4.
Nervous system diseases and S. miltiorrhiza.
| Disease | Extract | Experimental Model | Dose; Duration | Efficacy | Mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alzheimer’s disease (AD) | Water | SH-SY5Y cells | 0.01, 0.1, 0.2 mg/mL; 2 h | Neuroprotection against Aβ25-35-induced neurotoxicity | ↓ ROS, Bax/Bcl-2, cytochrome c, caspase-3 | [92] |
| Alzheimer’s disease (AD) | Water | Human recombinant GSK-3β | IC50: 7.77±1.38 μg/mL | Inhibition of AD | ↓ GSK-3β | [93] |
| Alzheimer’s disease (AD) | 50% ethanol | Wistar rats | 200 mg/kg; 28 days | Improvement of long-term memory of rats | ↓ AChE, BuChE, BACE1 | [94] |
| Alzheimer’s disease (AD) | Salvia miltiorrhiza, Panax Notoginseng, Borneol extract (450:141:8) | Kunming mice | 0.405, 0.81 g/kg; 7 days | Neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, neurotrophic effects on learning and memory in Aβ25-35-induced mice | ↑ ChAT, BDNF, RACK1 ↓ IL-6, TNF-α |
[95] |
| Alzheimer’s disease (AD) | Salvia miltiorrhiza, Panax Notoginseng, Borneol ethanol extract (450:141:8) | SD rats | 520 mg/kg; 14 days | Improvement of spatial learning and memory in Aβ25-35-induced rat model of AD | ↑ IDE ↓ APP, PS1 |
[96] |
| Brain Ischemic Stroke | Water | (1) MSCs (2) SD rats |
(1) 10 µg/mL (2) 50 mg/kg; 2 weeks |
Anti-apoptosis and improvement of cell survival | ↑ Bcl-2, p-Akt, p-ERK ↓ Bax, caspase-3 |
[97] |
| Cerebral Ischemia (Acute) | 80% ethanol | Wistar rats | 5.25, 10.5, 21 mg/kg; 15 days | Neuroprotective effect against cerebral ischemic injury | ↑ HO-1, HQO-1, Nrf-2 ↓ RAGE, MMP-9, COX-2, TNF-α, ICAM-1 |
[98] |
| Cerebral Ischemia (Permanent) | Supercritical CO2 and 95% ethanol | SD rats | (1)15, 7.5, 3.75 mg/kg/day; 3 days (2) 0.44, 4.4, 44 mg/L; 10 min |
Attenuation of cerebral ischemic injury through inhibitory effects on thrombosis formation and platelet aggregation in rats | ↓ TXA2, p-PLCβ3, p-PKC | [99] |
| Cerebral Ischemia | Salvia miltiorrhiza, Ligusticum chuanxiong, Carthamus tinctorius water extract — Ratio unmentioned | Kunming mice | (1) 20 g/kg; 5 days (2) 20 g/kg; 28 days |
Recovery of cognitive impairment and Neuroprotection against cerebral ischemic injury | ↑ Bcl-2, BDNF ↓ IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, Bax |
[100] |
| Dementia | Extractant unmentioned | SD rats | 5 mL/kg/day; 4 weeks | Improvement of learning and memory abilities in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats | ↑ MKP-1 | [101] |
| Dementia, Vascular | Water | Wister rats | 200 mg/kg/day; 22 days | Protection against damage to the white matter and hippocampus after bilateral common carotid artery occlusion | ↑ MBP ↓ TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, TLR4, MyD88 |
[102] |
| Ethanol-induced Amnesia | 70% ethanol | CD-1 mice | (1) 200 mg/kg; 30 min (2) 10, 100 µg/mL; 20 min |
Blockage of ethanol-induced synaptic dysfunction | ↑ LTP, NMDAR-dependent fEPSP | [103] |
| Spinal cord injury (SCI) | 75% ethanol | SD rats | 12.5 g/kg; 8 days | Beneficial effects on the recovery of locomotor function after SCI | ↑ NF-H, BDNF, CD11b | [104] |
| Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) |
Extractant unmentioned
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, Panax notoginseng, Borneol—Ratio unmentioned |
SD rats | 85 mg/kg; 90 days | Neuroprotection on a kainic acid-induced TLE and cognitive impairment in rats | ↑ GDNF, Bcl-2/Bax | [105] |
ROS, reactive oxygen species; Bax, Bcl-2 associated X protein; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2; GSK-3β, glycogen synthase kinase-3β; AchE, acetylcholinesterase; BuChE, butyrylcholinesterase; BACE1, β-secretase; ChAT, choline acetyltransferase; BDNF, brain derived neurotrophic factor; RACK 1, receptor of activated protein kinase C1; IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF- α, tumor necrosis factor- α; IDE, insulin-degrading enzyme; APP, amyloid precursor protein; PS1, presenilin-1; MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells; p-Akt, phospho-Akt (protein kinase B); p-ERK, phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; HQO-1, NAD(P)H quinine oxidoreductase; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation endproducts; MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase-9; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; ICAM- 1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1; TXA2, thromboxane A2; pPLCβ3, phospho-phospholipase Cβ3; p-PKC, phospho-protein kinase C; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; MKP-1, mitogen-activated protein kinase-1; MBP, myelin basic protein; TLR4, toll-like receptor 4; MyD88, myeloid differentiation primary response 88; LTP, long-term potentiation; NMDAR, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor; fEPSP, field excitatory postsynaptic potential; NF-H, neurofilament 200; CD11b, cluster of differentiation molecule 11B; GDNF, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor.