Table 2.
The effect of antioxidant supplements on inflammatory cytokines.
| Reference | Subjects | Exercise | Design | Supplement | Parameters | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Davison and Gleeson [90] | Healthy endurance trained males | 2.5 h at 60% VO2max | Crossover (n = 9) | Placebo or Vitamin C (1000 mg day-1) | Cortisol | No positive effect on neutrophil function |
| Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone | ||||||
| Interleukin-6 | ||||||
| Oxidative stress | ||||||
| Neutrophil | ||||||
| Aguiló et al. [91] | voluntary male recreational well-trained athletes | 15-km run competition | A double-blinded study (n= 31) | Placebo or Vitamin C (500 mg day-1) | Vitamin A | No positive effect on reducing the inflammatory cytokines |
| α-tocopherol | ||||||
| Malondialdehyde (MDA) | ||||||
| Cortisol | ||||||
| Creatine kinase | ||||||
| Aspartate aminotransferase | ||||||
| Lipid hydroperoxide | ||||||
| Vitamin C | ||||||
| IL-6 | ||||||
| IL-10 | ||||||
| Vassilakopoulos et al. [92] | Healthy males | two resistive breathing sessions at 75% of maximum inspiratory pressure |
Crossover (n = 6) | Allopurinol 600 mg/day | IL-1β | OS is responsible for increased respiratory resistance due to inflammatory cytokines |
| Vitamin A 50,000 IU, vitamin C 1000 mg and vitamin E 200 mg per day | IL-6 | |||||
| N-acetylcysteine 2 g/day | TNF-α | |||||
| McAnulty et al. [93] | Healthy trained male adults |
a 1-h run at a 3% grade and at ~80% VO2max | double-blind crossover (n = 14) |
Resveratrol and quercetin (RQ) | ORAC | positive effect on reducing lipid peroxidation No positive effect on altering plasma antioxidant status and inflammation |
| 450 mg quercetin and 240 mg resveratrol on day 7 just prior to exercise and 225 mg quercetin and 120 mg resveratrol for 6 days prior to day 7 | FRAP | |||||
| TEAC | ||||||
| protein carbonyls | ||||||
| F2-isoprostanes | ||||||
| CRP | ||||||
| IL-8 | ||||||
| Bailey et al. [94] | healthy young men | 90 min of intermittent shuttle-running |
double-blind crossover (n = 38) |
Combination of antioxidant supplements (vitamin C and E) 400 mg vitamin C (ascorbic acid), 268 mg vitamin E (RRR-α-tocopherol), 2 mg vitamin B6 (pyridoxine hydrochloride), 200 µg vitamin B9 (folic acid), 5 µg zinc sulphate monohydrate, and 1 µg vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) |
Vitamin C | No positive effect on reducing inflammation and OS |
| Vitamin E | ||||||
| F2-isoprostanes | ||||||
| Cortisol | ||||||
| Interleukin-6 | ||||||
| Nieman et al. [98] | ultramarathon athletes | 160-km Western States Endurance Run (WSER) |
double-blind crossover (n = 39) |
Placebo or quercetin (1000 mg day−1) | proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory plasma cytokines | Positive effect on enhancing quercetin plasma levels muscle damage and No positive effect on reducing inflammatory cytokines |
| cortisol | ||||||
| serum C-reactive protein (CRP) | ||||||
| creatine kinase (CK) | ||||||
| Tongtako et al. [99] | patients with allergic rhinitis |
walking and/or running on a treadmill at 65–70% heart rate reserve |
(n = 27) | vitamin C 2 times/day (one pill of 1000 mg in the morning and one in the evening) | IL-2 | Positive effect on reducing cytokine profiles |
| IL-4 | ||||||
| Díaz-Castro et al. [100] | amateur athletes | run to Sierra Nevada from the city of Granada |
- | Placebo or Phlebodium group (PG) Five capsules of 400 mg (250 mg of leaf extract and 150 mg of rhizome extract) |
8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) | Created a strong defense against inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α |
| Isoprostane | ||||||
| TNF-α | ||||||
| IL-6 | ||||||
| IL-1ra | ||||||
| Díaz-Castro et al. [102] | male amateur athletes | constant run (50 km) that combined several degrees of high effort (mountain run and ultraendurance) | - | Placebo or CoQ10 group | TNF-a | Positive effect on reducing muscle damage, oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines |
| IL-6 | ||||||
| 8-OHdG | ||||||
| Isoprostane | ||||||
| Ochoa et al. [103] | amateur athletes | Run 50 km with almost 2800 m of ramp |
- | melatonin-treated men (MG) and placebo-treated individuals (controls group, CG) (Five capsules of 3 mg) | TNF-αIL-6 | Positive effect on reducing muscle damage, oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines |
| IL-1ra | ||||||
| 8-OHdG | ||||||
| Isoprostane | ||||||
| Clifford et al. [111] | recreationally active males | 100-drop jumps | a double blind, independent groups design (n = 30) | high dose of beetroot juice (H-BT; 250 mL), low dose of beetroot juice (L-BT; 125 mL), or an isocaloric placebo (PLA; 250 mL) | countermovement jumps (CMJ) | Positive effect on reducing muscle pain Positive effect on enhancing CMJ |
| pressure pain threshold | ||||||
| CK | ||||||
| IL-6 | ||||||
| IL-8 | ||||||
| TNF-α | ||||||
| Koenig et al. [112] | Young women | downhill running (DR) on a treadmill at −9% grade |
double-blind crossover (n = 16) |
oat flour providing 9.2 mg AVA (AVA) or 0.4 mg AVA (Control, C) |
TNF-α | Positive effect on reducing inflammatory cytokines |
| neutrophil respiratory burst | ||||||
| CK | ||||||
| NF-κB | ||||||
| resting plasma GSH |