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. 2020 Oct 13;10:17147. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-73100-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Coacervate formation. (I) Element re-distribution of calcium and phosphate during the coacervate shell formation around the Ca–polyP core, resulting in a stoichiometric Ca:P ratio of ≈0.5, as revealed by semi-quantitative EDX. (I-A) In the core of the “Ca–polyP/D-NP”, a Ca:P ratio of 0.83 is measured, while (I-B) the core–shell particles, “Ca–polyP/D-NP@polyP/AA-Coa”, show an overall ratio of 0.47. (II) Kinetics of transformation of the core–shell particles, “Ca–polyP/D-NP@polyP/AA-Coa”, including their nanoparticle core, to a coacervate in (II-A to II-C) 0.9% saline versus (II-D to II-F) 0.9% saline supplemented with 2% FCS; SEM. The study was performed at room temperature. After termination of the incubation period the samples were dried and inspected. It is seen that the core–shell particles only slowly undergo coacervation in 0.9% saline, in contrast to the particles suspended in 2% FCS. During the incubation period of 12 h the core–shell particles (c–s) transform almost totally to the coacervate (coa) if they are kept in 2% FCS.