Table 2.
Logistic regression models showing the associations between Periodontal disease and low grip strength among the study sample (N = 1953).
| Low Grip Strength Cut-Off Points: 30 kg for Men, 20 kg for Women | Low Grip Strength Cut-Off Points: 26 kg for Men, 16 kg for Women | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model1 | Model 2 | Model3 | ||
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||
| Periodontitis | No or mild | (Reference) | |||||
| Moderate/Severe | 1.53 * (1.03, 2.27) |
1.39 (0.88, 2.19) |
1.09 (0.67, 1.77) |
1.24 (0.67, 2.27) |
1.03 (0.58, 1.85) |
0.83 (0.46, 1.50) |
|
| Age | 1.19 *** (1.15, 1.22) |
1.17 *** (1.13, 1.20) |
1.19 *** (1.12, 1.25) |
1.15 *** (1.07, 1.24) |
|||
| Gender | Male | (Reference) | |||||
| Female | 2.10 ** (1.34, 3.30) |
1.41 (0.81, 2.46) |
1.57 (0.83, 2.97) |
1.01 (0.40, 2.53) |
|||
| Ethnicity | Non-Hispanic White | (Reference) | |||||
| Hispanic | 1.31 (0.63, 2.74) |
0.77 (0.26, 2.20) |
|||||
| Other race | 0.87 (0.40, 1.86) |
0.86 (0.28, 2.66) |
|||||
| Non-Hispanic black | 0.51 (0.26, 1.03) |
0.57 (0.20, 1.65) |
|||||
| Marital status | Single | (Reference) | |||||
| Living with partner | 0.56 * (0.34, 0.92) |
0.51 (0.21, 1.22) |
|||||
| Income | (ratio of family income to poverty) | 0.78 ** (0.69, 0.89) |
0.82 (0.64, 1.04) |
||||
| Education | Above college | (Reference) | |||||
| College | 1.10 (0.68, 1.76) |
1.20 (0.49, 2.93) |
|||||
| High school | 1.05 (0.65, 1.69) |
1.30 (0.49, 3.44) |
|||||
| Smoking status | Never smoker | (Reference) | |||||
| Former smoker | 0.72 (0.48, 1.07) |
0.69 (0.33, 1.42) |
|||||
| Current smoker | 1.29 (0.42, 3.87) |
1.04 (0.21, 5.16) |
|||||
| Diabetes | No | (Reference) | |||||
| Yes | 1.62 * (1.13, 2.34) |
2.09 (0.96, 4.51) |
|||||
| Comorbidity | No systemic diseases | (Reference) | |||||
| Having systemic disease | 1.53 * (1.07, 2.19) |
1.30 (0.84, 2.01) |
|||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | Mean BMI | 0.95 * (0.92, 0.99) |
0.95 (0.90, 1.00) |
||||
| Physical activity | Inactive | (Reference) | |||||
| Active | 0.59 * (0.39, 0.89) |
0.45 * (0.22, 0.89) |
|||||
Notes: CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio. The p values for the OR were obtained using logistic regression: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001. Model 1: Unadjusted Logistic regression model. Model 2: Adjusted for age and gender. Model 3: Fully adjusted (as in Model 2 and additionally adjusted for ethnicity, income, education level, marital status, smoking status, diabetes, comorbidity, BMI and physical activity).