Table 3.
Linear regression models showing the associations between Periodontal disease and low grip strength among the study sample (N = 1953).
| Maximum Grip Strength as Outcome Variable | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||
| Coefficient (95% CI) | Coefficient (95% CI) | Coefficient (95% CI) | ||
| Periodontitis | No or mild | (Reference) | ||
| Moderate/Severe | 0.61 (−0.87, 2.10) |
−1.04 * (−1.99, −0.09) |
−0.43 (−1.47, 0.60) |
|
| Age | −0.44 *** (−0.49, −0.39) |
−0.83 *** (−0.43, −0.33) |
||
| Gender | Male | (Reference) | ||
| Female | −15.60 *** (−16.53, −14.67) |
−15.02 *** (−16.14, −13.91) |
||
| Ethnicity | Non-Hispanic White | (Reference) | ||
| Hispanic | −0.14 (−1.42, 1.14) |
|||
| Other race | 0.86 (−1.07, 2.80) |
|||
| Non-Hispanic black | 4.36 *** (3.02, 5.70) |
|||
| Marital status | Single | (Reference) | ||
| Living with partner | 0.66 (−0.34, 1.66) |
|||
| Income | (ratio of family income to poverty) | 0.49 *** (0.25, 0.73) |
||
| Education | Above college | (Reference) | ||
| College | 0.65 (−0.64, 1.94) |
|||
| High school | −0.11 (−1.04, 0.81) |
|||
| Smoking status | Never smoker | (Reference) | ||
| Former smoker | 0.45 (−0.40, 1.31) |
|||
| Current smoker | −0.13 (−1.30, 1.02) |
|||
| Diabetes | No | (Reference) | ||
| Yes | −1.21 ** (−1.99, −0.44) |
|||
| Comorbidity | No systemic diseases | (Reference) | ||
| Having systemic disease | −0.94 * (−1.71, −0.17) |
|||
| BMI (kg/m2) | Mean BMI | 0.13 *** (0.08, 0.19) |
||
| Physical activity | Inactive | (Reference) | ||
| Active | 1.05 (0.26, 1.84) |
|||
Notes: CI = confidence interval. The p values for the coefficients were obtained using linear regression: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.00. Model 1: Unadjusted Logistic regression model. Model 2: Adjusted for age and gender. Model 3: Fully adjusted (as in Model 2 and additionally adjusted for ethnicity, income, education level, marital status, smoking status, diabetes, comorbidity, BMI and physical activity).