Table 1.

The genetically or chemically engineered bioluminescence system.

Name	Origin	Modification	Luciferin	λmax (nm)	Improvement	Refs.
Mutant E	FLuc	T214A, A215L, I232A, F295L, E345K	d-luciferin	560	27-fold more thermally stable than FLuc	[3]
LGR	FLuc	I423L, D436G, L530R	d-luciferin	560	20-fold lower Km for ATP and d-luciferin, and 4-fold higher kcat than FLuc	[3]
YY5	FLuc	T214A, A215L, I232A, F295L, E354K, I423L, D436G, L530R	d-Luciferin	560	14-fold higher kcat than FLuc	[3]
x5 FLuc	FLuc	F14R, L35Q, V182K, I232K, and F465R	d-luciferin	554	Enhanced thermostability up to 45 °C with higher pH-tolerance	[4]
x5g	FLuc	F14R, L35Q, V182K, I232K, V241I, G246A, F250S, F465R	d-Luciferin	560	3.69-fold brighter than FLuc	[5]
x12 FLuc	FLuc	F14R, L35Q, A105V, V182K, T214C, I232K, D234G, F295L, E354R, D357Y, S420T, and F465R	d-luciferin	557	Half-life of 15 min at 55 °C	[6]
-	FLuc	R218K	d-luciferin	572		[7]
-	FLuc	R218Q	d-luciferin	608		[7]
-	FLuc	R218A	d-luciferin	611		[7]
-	FLuc	R337K	d-luciferin	595		[7]
-	FLuc	R337Q	d-Luciferin	594		[7]
-	FLuc	H245A	d-luciferin	604		[8]
-	FLuc	G315A	d-Luciferin	607		[8]
-	FLuc	T343A	d-luciferin	617		[8]
-	FLuc	A348V	d-luciferin	610		[8]
-	FLuc	S284T	d-Luciferin	615		[9,10]
Ppy RE9	FLuc	T214A, A215L, I232A, S284T, F295L, I351V, R330G, E354I, and F465R	d-luciferin	617	~11.5% respective light intensities compared to FLuc	[11]
-	FLuc	F247L	6′-aminoluciferin	NA a	F247L induced 4.9-fold increase in light output	[8,12]
-	FLuc	R218K	CycLuc1	609		[13]
-	FLuc	R218K	CycLuc2	621		[13]
-	FLuc	R218K, L286M, and S347A	CycLuc7	623	46% of the initial rate of the pair between FLuc and d-luciferin	[14]
	FLuc	R218K	CycLuc10	648		[14]
-	FLuc	-	Infra-luciferin	670		[15]
-	FLuc	F14R, L35Q, V182K, I232K, S284T and F465R	Infra-luciferin	706		[15]
FLuc_green	FLuc	F14R, L35Q, A105V, V182K, T214C, I232K, D234G, V241I, G246A, F250S, E354R, D357Y, S420T, and F465R	Infra-luciferin	700		[16]
FLuc_red	FLuc	(F14R, L35Q, A105V, V182K, T214C, I232K, S284T, D234G, E354I, D357Y, S420T, and F465R	Infra-luciferin	720		[16]
-	FLuc	-	Akalumine-HCl	677		[17]
AkaLuc	FLuc	T39A, E48Q, I51V, K68R, L86S, Q134R, I136V, Q147R, G175S, N229Y, I231N, F294C, F295L, N308S, H310R, H332R, S347N, I349V, L350M, D357R, A361S, D377V, S456G, N463Y, K524R, L526S, I540T, G545D	Akalumine-HCl	650	Improved luminescence intensity	[18]
Mutant G2	FLuc	S220N, E311C, and A313G	PhOH-Luc	608	Photons in the 650–850 nm region accounted for ∼31% of the total emission	[19]
CBR2opt	CBR	R334S, G351R	d-Luciferin	730		[20]
RLuc8	RLuc	A55T, C124A, S130A, K136R, A143M, M185V, M253L, S287L	Coelenterazine	487	4.3-fold a brighter than RLuc	[21]
RLuc8.6-535	RLuc	A55T, A123S, C124A, S130A, K136R, A143M, D154M, E155G, D162E, I163L, V185L, M185V, M253L, S287L	Coelenterazine	535 (570 b)	6.0-fold brighter than RLuc	[22]
RLuc8.6-545	RLuc	A55T, A123S, C124A, S130A, K136R, A143M, D154K, E155N, D162E, I163L, M185V, M253L, F261W, S287L	Coelenterazine	545		[22]
RLuc8.6-547	RLuc	A55T, A123S, C124A, S130A, K136R, A143M, D154A, E155G, D162E, I163V, M185V, M253L, F262W, S287L	Coelenterazine	547 (588 b)		[22]
C1A4E	OLuc	A4E, Q11R, A33K, V44I, A54F, P115E, Q124K, Y138I, N166R	Coelenterazine	NA a	88,000-fold brighter than OLuc	[23]
NLuc	OLuc	A4E, Q11R, Q18L, L27V, A33N, K43R, V44I, A54I, F68D, L72Q, M75K, I90V, P115E, Q124K, Y138I, N166R	Furimazine	460	150-fold brighter than either FLuc or RLuc	[23]
teLuc	OLuc	A4E, Q11R, Q18L, D19S, L27V, A33N, K43R, V44I, A54I, F68D, L72Q, M75K, D85N, I90V, P115E, Q124K, Y138I, C164H, N166R	Diphenylterazine	502	2.6-fold brighter than NLuc	[24]
yeLuc	OLuc	F1L, A4E, Q11R, A14D, L27V, D19A, V27L, S28T, A33N, K43R, V44I, A54I, F68D, Q69R, L72Q, M75K, I90V, R112Q, P115E, Q124K, Y138I, L142R, C164S, and N166R	Selenoterazine	527	11.5-fold brighter than NLuc	[24]
LumiLuc	OLuc	A4G, Q11R, D19A, S28T, A33N, K43R, V44I, A54I, G67C, F68D, G71A, L72Q, M75K, I90A, R112Q, P115E, V119K, Q124K, K136T, Y138I, C164H, and N166R	8pyDTZ	525	5-fold brighter than NLuc	[25]

^a NA: not available. ^b Measured with coelenterazine-v.