Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants (n = 246).
| Variable | No CAC (Score = 0) |
Moderate CAC (Score = 1–100) |
High CAC (Score ≥ 101) |
p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | 142 (57.7) | 62 (25.2) | 42 (17.1) | |
| Age, mean (SD), years | 54.3 (8.6) a | 58.2 (8.4) b | 64.6 (7.9) c | <0.001 |
| Female (%) | 84 (59.2) | 22 (35.5) | 13 (31.0) | <0.001 |
| Smoking (%) | 22 (15.5) | 19 (30.6) | 6 (14.3) | 0.028 |
| Hypertension (%) | 18 (12.7) | 15 (24.2) | 24 (57.1) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 6 (4.2) | 3 (4.8) | 12 (28.6) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension and diabetes mellitus (%) | 4 (2.8) | 1 (1.6) | 8 (19.0) | 0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia (%) | 11 (7.7) | 6 (9.7) | 8 (19.0) | 0.108 |
| Body mass index, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 24.1 (3.0) | 25.1 (2.7) | 24.8 (3.7) | 0.066 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mmHg | 123.4 (21.8) a | 128.8 (20.6) ab | 134.1 (22.0) b | 0.012 |
| High-density lipoprotein, mean (SD), mg/dL | 52.0 (14.5) a | 46.6 (13.5) b | 46.8 (13.1) ab | 0.015 |
| Glucose, mean (SD), mg/dL | 102.7 (16.4) a | 107.1 (17.7) ab | 113.4 (25.4) b | 0.004 |
| Calcium, mean (SD), mmol/L | 2.2 (0.1) | 2.2 (0.1) | 2.2 (0.1) | 0.506 |
| Alkaline phosphatase, mean (SD), IU/L | 73.4 (19.0) | 72.5 (21.8) | 72.0 (20.4) | 0.903 |
| eGFR, mean (SD), mL/min/1.73 m2 | 87.4 (16.2) a | 85.9 (22.0) a | 76.6 (16.1) b | 0.003 |
| L-spine BMD, mean (SD), g/cm2 | 0.883 (0.114) | 0.881 (0.139) | 0.911 (0.137) | 0.392 |
| L-spine T-score, mean (SD) | −1.2 (1.0) | −1.2 (1.2) | −1.0 (1.1) | 0.558 |
| Right femoral neck BMD, mean (SD), g/cm2 | 0.642 (0.076) | 0.656 (0.089) | 0.660 (0.085) | 0.296 |
| Right femoral neck T-score | −1.6 (0.6) | −1.4 (0.9) | −1.5 (0.7) | 0.239 |
| Right hip total BMD, mean (SD), g/cm2 | 0.784 (0.104) | 0.810 (0.116) | 0.818 (0.104) | 0.113 |
| Right hip total T-score | −0.8 (0.7) | −0.7 (0.8) | −0.7 (0.8) | 0.802 |
| Left femoral neck BMD, mean (SD), g/cm2 | 0.652 (0.080) | 0.674 (0.096) | 0.661 (0.083) | 0.242 |
| Left femoral neck T-score | −1.5 (0.7) | −1.4 (0.8) | −1.5 (0.7) | 0.288 |
| Left hip total BMD, mean (SD), g/cm2 | 0.763 (0.100) | 0.789 (0.100) | 0.790 (0.109) | 0.134 |
| Left hip total T-score | −0.0 (0.8) | −0.9 (0.7) | −1.0 (0.7) | 0.843 |
Note: Means with different superscripts indicate significant difference at p < 0.05 level, adjusted using Sidak post-hoc test. CAC: coronary artery calcification; SD: standard deviation; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; BMD: bone mineral density.