Table 2.
Multinomial logistic regression analysis of the association of demographic and clinical variables with CAC in patients with osteopenia.
| Variable | Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) [p] | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| No CAC (Score = 0) |
Moderate CAC (Score = 1–100) |
High CAC (Score > 100) |
|
| n (%) | 111 (57.2) | 49 (25.3) | 34 (17.5) |
| Age | 1.00 | 1.68 (1.13–2.50) [0.011] | 4.67 (2.63–8.32) [<0.001] |
| Body mass index | 1.00 | 1.49 (1.05–2.11) [0.026] | 1.32 (0.89–1.96) [0.166] |
| Sex (ref. = female) | 1.00 | 4.37 (2.03–9.43) [<0.001] | 4.11 (1.71–9.88) [0.002] |
| Smoking | 1.00 | 3.21 (1.48–6.99) [0.003] | 1.19 (0.43–3.29) [0.745] |
| Hypertension | 1.00 | 2.77 (1.20–6.39) [0.017] | 8.78 (3.65–21.13) [<0.001] |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.17–4.82) [0.904] | 10.14 (3.21–32.00) [<0.001] |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1.00 | 1.58 (0.53–4.72) [0.411] | 2.94 (1.00–8.61) [0.049] |
| Systolic blood pressure | 1.00 | 1.59 (1.12–2.24) [0.009] | 1.54 (1.04–2.27) [0.029] |
| High-density lipoproteins | 1.00 | 0.63 (0.43–0.91) [0.014] | 0.66 (0.43–1.00) [0.049] |
| Fasting blood glucose | 1.00 | 1.41 (0.97–2.05) [0.075] | 1.74 (1.18–2.56) [0.005] |
| Calcium | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.70–1.38) [0.905] | 0.79 (0.54–1.16) [0.226] |
| Alkaline phosphatase | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.60–1.20) [0.363] | 0.80 (0.53–1.19) [0.269] |
| eGFR | 1.00 | 0.74 (0.52–1.06) [0.099] | 0.51 (0.33–0.78) [0.002] |
CAC: coronary artery calcification; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate. Odds ratio was expressed as a one standard deviation increase in the independent variable (age = 9.01 years, body mass index = 2.90 kg/m2, systolic blood pressure = 20.22 mmHg, high-density lipoproteins = 14.29 mg/dL, fasting blood glucose = 18.68 mg/dL, eGFR = 16.55 mL/min/1.73 m2, calcium = 0.09 mg/dL, and alkaline phosphatase = 18.44 IU/L).