Figure 4.

(A) Alternation of gut microbiota over four weeks of taking metformin in the subgroup and relative abundances of the phyla. Paired t-tests were performed to evaluate the gut microbiota before and four weeks after medication. (B) The WAD method was used for detecting differentially expressed genera in the subgroup. The top 20 gut microbial genera are shown and differences among these genera were evaluated using paired t-tests. For the subgroup analyses, the participants who used an α-glucosidase inhibitor, a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor, a proton pump inhibitor, or an H2 blocker were excluded.