| T2DM | Type 2 diabetes mellitus |
| GSRS | Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale |
| CVD | Cardiovascular disease |
| GLP-1 | Glucagon-like peptide 1 |
| GI | Gastrointestinal |
| QOL | Quality of life |
| BMI | Body mass index |
| HbA1c | Hemoglobin A1c |
| OTU | Operational taxonomic unit |
| ACE | Abundance-based coverage estimator |
| PCoA | Principal coordinates analysis |
| PERMANOVA | Permutational multivariate analysis of variance |
| WAD | Weighted average distance |
| LEfSe | Linear discriminant effect size |
| MAPK | Mitogen-activated protein kinase |
| SCFAs | Short-chain fatty acids |
| eGFR | Estimated glomerular filtration rate |
| PPI | Proton pump inhibitor |
| OD | Optical Density |
| QIIME | Quantitative Insights into Microbial Ecology |
| LDA | Linear discriminant analysis |