Table 2.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors studied in the context of gastric cancer.
| Immune Checkpoint | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors | Trade Name (Manufacturer) | Study Design | Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CTLA-4 | Tremelimumab | (AstraZeneca) | Phase II study in the 2nd line treatment of metastatic gastric cancer | 4 patients stable disease 1 patient partial response |
Ralph et al., 2010 [74] |
| Ipilimumab | Yervoy (Bristol-Myers-Squibb) | Phase II study of ipilimumab versus best supportive care (BSC) in patients with advanced gastric cancer | PFS with ipilimumab versus BSC was not improved | Bang et al., 2017 [75] | |
| PD-1 | Nivolumab | Opdivo (Bristol-Myers-Squibb) | Attraction-2: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial of Nivolumab in heavily pretreated gastric cancer patients | Median overall survival significantly better in Nivolumab group versus placebo | Kang et al., 2017 [76] |
| Pembrolizumab | Keytruda (Merck Sharpe & Dohme corp.) | Keynote-059: A phase II trial of perbrolizumab monotherapy in previously treated gastric cancer patients Keynote-061: Phase III trial of pembrolizumab versus paclitaxel as 2nd line therapy |
11.6% had objective response rate and 2.3% had complete response Pembrolizumab did not significantly improve overall survival compared with paclitaxel |
Fuchs et al., 2018 [77] Shitara et al., 2018 [78] | |
| Toripalimab | (Shanghai Junshi Bioscience Co.) | Phase Ib/II trial evaluating the safety and activity of toripalimab in chemo-refractory (cohort 1) and chemo-naïve (cohort 2) gastric cancer patients | Cohort 1: ORR 12.1%, disease control rate (DCR) 39.7%. Cohort 2: ORR was 66.7% and the DCR was 88.9% |
Wang et al., 2019 [79] | |
| PD-L1 | Avelumab | Bavencio (EMD Serono) | the JAVELIN Solid Tumor JPN trial: Phase 1 evaluating Avelumab in stage IV gastric cancer patients receiving prior therapy | objective response rate was 10.0% and median overall survival was 9.1 months | Doi et al., 2019 [80] |
| Durvalumab | Imfinzi (AstraZeneca) | Phase Ib/II study in patients (pts) with metastatic or recurrent gastric cancer: D arm: received Durvalumab. T arm: received Tremelimumab and D+T arm: received Durbalumab and Tremelimumab | D+T has a manageable safety profile in 2L and 3L advanced gastric cancer, with encouraging OS versus D monotherapy | Kelly et al., 2018 [81] |