Figure 2.

Effects of S. rosmarinus extracts on both NF-κB nuclear translocation and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK)/NF-κB pathway. (a) Immuno-fluorescent localization of NF-κB in RAW 264.7 cells treated for 1 h with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or 1 µg/mL Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) + DMSO (Control (CTRL) and CTRL LPS, respectively), 1 µg/mL LPS + R1–R4 extracts (at their IC₅₀ values, respectively). Scale bar: 50 µm. (b) Immunoblotting analysis of p-ERK and relative quantification of expression levels. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as loading control. Values represent mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments, each one performed with triplicate samples. p values were calculated against C_LPS; **** p < 0.001.