TABLE 1.

Average rectal temperature change in studies of exercise thermoregulation in prepubertal children and adults.

Study	Exercise Protocol	Environmenta	Participants		Heat Production		Tre (°C)
			n	Age (yr)b	Wc	W·m−2	Δd	Diff. vs Adultse
Wagner et al. (47)	Walking (40 min): 5.6 km·h−1, 0% grade	49°C, 17% R.H.	5 boys	11–14	220	167	1.1	0.2
			5 men	25–30	359	188	0.9
		22°C, 27% R.H.	5 boys	11–14	220	167	0.6	0.0
			5 men	25–30	359	188	0.6
Drinkwater et al. (48)	Walking (50 min): 30% V˙O2peak	28°C, 45% R.H.	5 girls	12 (0)	279	227	0.9	0.0
			5 women	21 (2)	517	297	0.9
		35°C, 65% R.H.	5 girls	12 (0)	279	227	1.4	0.1
			5 women	21 (2)	517	297	1.3
		48°C, 10% R.H.	5 girls	12 (0)	279	227	1.3	−0.1
			5 women	21 (2)	517	297	1.4
Davies (10)	Running (60 min): 68% V˙O2peak	21°C, 67% R.H.	8 boys	13 (1)	548	435	1.1	−0.4
			5 girls	14 (1)	592	455	1.1	−0.4
			8 adults	36 (7)	1016	587	1.6
Smolander et al. (49)	Cycling (60 min): 30% V˙O2peak	5°C, 40% R.H.	8 boys	12 (1)	263	189	0.1	0.1
			11 men	25 (5)	342	174	0.0
Meyer et al. (34)	Cycling (40 min): 50% V˙O2peak	40°C, 18% R.H.	8 boys	9 (1)	231	206	0.7	−0.1
			9 boys	12 (1)	308	220	1.1	0.3
			8 men	21 (1)	436	263	0.8
			10 girls	9 (1)	267	226	0.9	0.1
			8 girls	11 (1)	321	255	0.7	−0.1
			8 women	23 (2)	632	345	0.8
Shibasaki et al. (50)	Cycling (45 min): 40% V˙O2peak	30°C, 45% R.H.	7 boys	10–11	240	203	0.5	0.0
			11 men	21–25	486	276	0.5
Inbar et al. (51)	Cycling (85 min): 50% V˙O2peak	41°C, 21% R.H.	8 boys	9 (2)	235	224	1.0	−0.3
			8 men	23 (2)	560	298	1.3
Rivera-Brown et al. (52)	Cycling (55–77 min): 60% V˙O2peak	34°C, 55% R.H.	9 girls	9–12	329	279	0.9	−0.2
			9 women	20–34	518	320	1.1
Rowland et al. (9)	Cycling (41–43 min): 65% V˙O2peak	19°C, 58% R.H.	8 boys	12 (0)	461	320	0.5	0.0
			8 men	32 (2)	725	368	0.5
	Cycling (29–30 min): 65% V˙O2peak	31°C, 50% R.H.	8 boys	12 (0)	461	320	0.6	0.0
			8 men	32 (2)	725	368	0.6
Leites et al. (53)	Cycling (80 min): fixed heat production	35°C, 35% R.H.	10 boys	10–12	234	175	0.6	−0.1/0.3f
			10 men	19–25	397	213	0.7
					234	125	0.3

^a Environmental conditions indicate air temperature and relative humidity (R.H.). When reported, air flow was low, ranging from <0.2 to 4.0 m·s⁻¹.

^b Age is presented as a range or mean (SD).

^c Metabolic heat production is presented as both absolute (W) and area-specific values (W·m⁻²). In instances where heat production was not provided, it was estimated from group mean data assuming a respiratory exchange ratio of 0.87 (14).

^d Data represent the change (Δ) in rectal temperature from baseline/resting to end-exercise (imputed when not provided).

^e Difference (diff.) compared with adults.

^f Difference from adults at the high (397 W) and low heat production (234 W) separated by the dash.