Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Oct 14.
Published in final edited form as: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2019 Jun;47(6):947–960. doi: 10.1007/s10802-019-00512-x

Table 4.

Covariate means and standard deviations for mother-child and father-child models

Mother-child task persistence class
High (n = 104) Increasing (n = 16) Slow decline (n = 31) Rapid decline (n = 24) Low (n = 39)
Covariates M SD M SD M SD M SD M SD
 Preschool attention problems 4.131 5.098 7.625 8.733 2.500 3.098 6.263 7.256 5.875 6.058
 Child sex 50% female 38% female 58% female 44% female 45% female
 Verbal skills 11.384 3.437 12.133 3.378 11.516 3.171 11.286 3.243 10.351 3.537
 Inhibitory control 0.006 2.362 −2.433 2.176 −0.074 2.694 −0.786 2.534 −0.502 2.005
 Child negative emotion 1.062 0.157 1.054 0.088 1.100 0.209 1.192 0.210 1.290 0.489
 Maternal praise 10.709 6.925 9.750 6.758 9.710 7.221 9.541 8.241 5.816 5.088
 Maternal directives 9.893 8.411 18.063 12.861 12.258 10.745 21.083 19.724 17.079 11.963
Father-child task persistence class
High (n = 45) Early Decline/Late Increase (n = 12) Early Increase/Late Decline (n = 21) Low (n = 39)
Covariates M SD M SD M SD M SD
 Preschool attention problems 3.438 5.003 6.364 8.213 4.059 4.351 5.500 5.922
 Child sex 42% female 33% female 62% female 54% female
 Verbal skills 12.907 3.890 11.250 3.596 11.619 3.450 10.676 3.310
 Inhibitory control −0.073 2.184 −0.432 2.261 −0.666 2.543 −1.005 2.057
 Child negative emotion 1.025 0.072 1.325 0.630 1.104 0.202 1.222 0.406
 Paternal praise 9.533 5.097 10.800 8.979 11.857 10.195 8.132 7.125
 Paternal directives 9.822 8.534 10.000 9.381 17.667 20.922 15.421 9.989