Table 2. Summary of case reports on postnatal ZIKV infection in children and adolescents, ordered by child age.
| Author (year) | Location | Study year | Sex | Age (y) | ZIKV diagnostic test | Other pathogens tested (negative) | Common signs or symptoms | Additional signs or symptoms | Complications / Outcome | Co- morbidities | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RT-PCR | Serology | Rash | Fever | Conjunctivital Involvement | Arthralgia | Myalgia | Headache | URT symptoms | GI symptoms | Others | ||||||||
| Li et al., (2017) [23] | Singapore | 2016 | F | 6m | + 2 | NR | CHIKV, DENV | + | + | - | - | - | - | - | NR | NR | Outcome: Full recovery | NR |
| Landais et al., (2017) [55] | Guadeloupe | NR | M | 10m | + 1 | IgM -, IgG + (2nd sample) | CMV, EV, HSV, VZV | + | + | + | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Right hemiparesis (Left MCA infarct) | Outcome: Partial motor recovery at 3 months. Walking acquired 13 months after disease onset | NR |
| Li et al., (2017) [23] | Singapore | 2016 | M | 1y 3m | + 2 | NR | CHIKV, DENV | + | + | - | - | - | - | + | NR | NR | Outcome: Full recovery | NR |
| Brito Ferreira et al., (2017) [53] | Brazil | 2014/ 2015 | F | 2 | + 3 | IgM - | Borrelia spp., CMV, DENV, EBV, HIV, HSV, HTLV | + | + | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | + | Itching, pruritus | Encephalitis Outcome: Motor sequelae in all four limbs and cognitive impairment at 3 months | NR |
| Sarmiento- Ospina et al., (2016) [50] | Colombia | 2015 | F | 2 | + 1 | NR | DENV | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Hepatomegaly, thrombocytopenia, bleeding diathesis Outcome: Anemic shock and death. |
Probable acute leukemia |
| Li et al., (2017) [23] | Singapore | 2016 | F | 2y 2m | + 1,2 | NR | CHIKV, DENV | + | + | - | - | - | - | - | NR | NR | Outcome: Full recovery | NR |
| Peralta-Aros et al. (2017) [78] | NR | 2016 | F | 2y 6m | + | NR | NR | + | + | + | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Bone pain, weakness | Outcome: Full recovery with INS remission | Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome |
| Heang et al., (2012) [79] | Cambodia | 2010 | M | 3 | + | IgM + | CHIKV, DENV | - | + | NR | NR | NR | + | + | NR | NR | Outcome: Full recovery | NR |
| Li et al., (2017) [23] | Singapore | 2016 | F | 3y 11m | + 1,2 | NR | CHIKV, DENV | + | + | - | - | - | - | + | NR | NR | Outcome: Full recovery | NR |
| Lednicky et al., (2016) [51] | Haiti | 2014 | M | 4 | + | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Asymptomatic | NR | NR |
| Li et al., (2017) [23] | Singapore | 2016 | M | 4y 1m | + 2 | NR | CHIKV, DENV | + | + | + | - | - | - | + | NR | NR | Outcome: Full recovery | NR |
| Wu et al. (2016) [80], Yin et al. (2016) [81] | China (TA-Venezuela) | 2016 | M | 6 | + 1,2,4 | NR | NR | + | + | + | NR | NR | NR | + | - | Lymphadenopathy | Outcome: Full recovery | NR |
| Lednicky et al., (2016) [51] | Haiti | 2014 | F | 7 | + | NR | NR | - | + | NR | NR | NR | NR | + | + | Anorexia | NR | NR |
| Peralta-Aros et al., (2017) [78] | NR | 2016 | M | 7 | + | NR | DENV | + | + | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Outcome: Full recovery with INS remission | Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome |
| Marinho et al., (2019) [56] | Brazil | 2015 | M | 7 | + 3 | PRNT+ | CHIKV, DENV, EV, HSV-1, HSV-2, SLEV, TB, VZV, WNV | - | - | - | - | + | + | NR | + | Lower limb weakness and pain | Diffuse neurological manifestations, tonic-clonic seizures Outcome: Mild gait difficulty at discharge | NR |
| Duijster et al., (2016) [82] | Netherlands (TA-Dominica) | 2016 | M | 8 | + | NR | DENV | + | + | NR | NR | NR | + | NR | NR | Leucopenia | Outcome: Full recovery | NR |
| Wu et al. (2016) [80], Yin et al., (2016) [81] | China (TA-Venezuela) | 2016 | F | 8 | + 1,2,4 | NR | NR | + | + | + | NR | NR | NR | + | - | Severe leucopenia | Outcome: Full recovery | NR |
| Slavov et al., (2016) [83] | Brazil | 2016 | M | 8 | + 1,4 | NR | CHIKV, DENV | - | + | - | NR | + | + | NR | + | Retro-orbital pain, photo- and phonophobia, mesenteric adenitis. | Outcome: Full recovery | NR |
| Florescu et al., (2017) [84] | Romania (TA- French Guiana) | 2016 | M | 10 | + 2 | IgM + | DENV, Rickettsia spp., WNV, YF vaccine virus + | + | + | NR | NR | NR | NR | + | NR | Dysphagia, lymphadenopathy | NR | NR |
| Li et al., (2017) [23] | Singapore | 2016 | F | 11 | + 2 | NR | CHIKV, DENV | + | + | - | - | + | - | + | NR | NR | Outcome: Full recovery | NR |
| Li et al., (2017) [23] | Singapore | 2016 | F | 11 | + 2 | NR | CHIKV, DENV | + | + | + | - | - | - | - | NR | NR | Outcome: Full recovery | NR |
| Li et al., (2017) [23] | Singapore | 2016 | M | 11 | + 2 | NR | CHIKV, DENV | + | + | + | - | - | - | + | NR | NR | Outcome: Full recovery | NR |
| Li et al., (2017) [23] | Singapore | 2016 | F | 11 | + 2 | NR | CHIKV, DENV | + | + | - | - | - | + | - | NR | NR | Outcome: Full recovery | NR |
| Li et al., (2017) [23] | Singapore | 2016 | M | 11 | + 2 | NR | CHIKV, DENV | + | + | - | - | + | - | - | NR | NR | Outcome: Full recovery | NR |
| Olson et al., (1981) [85] | Indonesia | 1977 | M | 12 | NR | HI + | DENV, JEV, MVEV, TMUV | NR | + | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | + | Malaise, dizziness | NR | NR |
| Olson et al., (1981) [85] | Indonesia | 1978 | F | 12 | NR | HI + | DENV, JEV, MVEV, TMUV | NR | + | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | + | Malaise, anorexia, dizziness and hypotension. | NR | NR |
| Cleto et al., (2016) [54] | Brazil | NR | F | 13 | NR | IgM + | CHIKV, CMV, DENV, EBV, hepatitis A, B, and C, HSV, HTLV, rubella virus, Toxoplasma gondii | + | NR | NR | NR | NR | + | NR | NR | Migratory and intermittent paresthesia in hands, feet, and face | Peripheral Neuropathy Outcome: Regained ability to walk with support at discharge on day 15 | NR |
| Li et al., (2017) [23] | Singapore | 2016 | M | 14 | + 2 | NR | CHIKV, DENV | + | - | - | - | - | + | + | NR | NR | Outcome: Full recovery | NR |
| Olson et al., (1981) [85] | Indonesia | 1977 | M | 14 | NR | HI + | DENV, JEV, MVEV, TMUV | NR | + | + | + | + | NR | NR | + | Dizziness, hematuria | NR | NR |
| Alejo-Cancho et al., (2016) [86] | Spain (TA- Honduras) | 2016 | F | <15 | + 1 | IgM + IgG - | CHIKV, DENV | + | + | + | NR | NR | + | NR | NR | Chill | NR | NR |
| Alejo-Cancho et al., (2016) [86] | Spain (TA- Honduras) | 2016 | F | <15 | + 1 | IgM—IgG - | CHIKV, DENV | + | + | + | NR | NR | + | NR | NR | Chill | NR | NR |
| Alera et al., (2012) [87] | Philippines | 2012 | M | 15 | + 1 | NR | CHIKV, DENV, JEV | - | + | + | NR | + | + | + | + | Anorexia, nausea | Outcome: Full recovery | NR |
| Arzuza-Ortega et al.,(2016) [58] | Colombia | 2015 | F | 15 | + 1 | NR | CHIKV, DENV, HIV-1/2, Leptospira spp., Plasmodium spp. | NR | + | NR | + | + | NR | NR | + | Retro-ocular pain, respiratory distress, jaundice | Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly Outcome: Death 5 days after disease onset | Sickle cell disease |
| Boyer Chammard et al., (2016) [88] | Guadeloupe | 2016 | F | 15 | + 1,2 | NR | DENV | + | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Bleeding diathesis Outcome: full recovery | NR |
| Li et al., (2017) [23] | Singapore | 2016 | F | 15 | + 2 | NR | CHIKV, DENV | + | + | + | + | - | - | - | NR | NR | Outcome: Full recovery | NR |
| Paniz-Mondolfi et al., (2018) [57] | Venezuela | NR | F | 15 | + 1 | IgM+ IgG- | CHIKV, CMV, DENV, EBV, EV, HIV, HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, PV, Rubella virus, Treponema pallidum, Toxoplasma gondii | + | + | NR | + | NR | NR | NR | NR | Malaise | Alice in Wonderland Syndrome (AWS) Outcome: Full recovery | NR |
| Mecharles et al., (2016) [52] | Guadeloupe | 2016 | F | 15 | + 1,2,3 | NR | Borrelia spp., CHIKV, CMV, DENV, EBV, HIV, HSV, HTLV, Legionella spp., Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Treponema spp., VZV | NR | - | + | NR | NR | + | NR | NR | Left arm and lower back pain. Paraesthesia | Acute myelitis. Outcome: Ability to walk recovered 1 month after hospital admission | NR |
| Li et al., (2017) [23] | Singapore | 2016 | M | 16 | + 2 | NR | CHIKV, DENV | + | + | - | - | - | - | + | NR | NR | Outcome: Full recovery | NR |
| Azevedo et al. (2016) [59] | Brazil | NR | F | 16 | + 1 | IgM - | CHIKV, DENV, hepatitis A, B, and C viruses, HIV-1/2, HTLV I/II, SLEV, Treponema spp., Trypanosoma cruzi, WNV, YFV | + | + | NR | NR | + | + | NR | NR | Malaise | Bleeding diathesis Outcome: death | Possible Evans syndrome |
| Olson et al., (1981) [85] | Indonesia | 1977 | F | 16 | NR | HI + | DENV, JEV, MVEV, TMUV | NR | + | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | + | Malaise, chills, anorexia, dizziness and leg pain | NR | NR |
- = test-negative or sign/symptom reported to be absent
+ = test-positive or sign/symptom reported to be present
CHIKV: Chikungunya virus, CMV: Cytomegalovirus, DENV: Dengue virus, EBV: Epstein-Barr Virus (human herpesvirus 4), EV: Enteroviruses, GBS: Guillain-Barré syndrome, HI: hemagglutination inhibition, HIV: Human Immunodeficiency virus, HSCT: hematopoietic stem cell transplant, HSV: Herpes simplex viruses, HTLV: human T-lymphotropic virus, Ig: immunoglobulin, JEV: Japanese encephalitis virus, MVEV: Murray valley encephalitis virus, NR: not reported, PV: Parvovirus, RT-PCR: Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, SLEV: Saint Louis encephalitis virus, TA: travel-associated, TB: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, TMUV: Tembusu virus, VZV: Varicella Zoster virus, WNV: West Nile virus, YF: Yellow Fever, ZIKV: Zika virus
1 Detected in serum
2 Detected in urine
3 Detected in cerebral spinal fluid
4 Detected in saliva