Fig. 5.

The influence of exercise on SHSQ-25, SDS and SAS. †P < 0.05; ‡P < 0.001. The participants were divided into four subgroups depending upon their exercise frequency each week (never = α, once a week = β, 2–3 times a week = γ, and over 3 times a week = δ). The SDS scores, SAS scores, and SHSQ-25 scores of the four subgroups were compared by using ANOVA and Q-test. The results showed that the scores of SHSQ-25, SDS, and SAS decreased with the increase of exercise frequency, suggesting that the exercise is a protective factor for SHS and PS