Table 2.

Results of the GEE model predicting the level of household food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic (n = 74,413)

Variables	Model 1
	B	SE	CI	p
Intercept	1.647***	0.045	(1.558; 1.735)	< 0.0001
Household food insecurity level prior to March 13, 2020	0.652***	0.010	(0.633; 0.672)	< 0.0001
Demographic characteristics:
Age	− 0.004***	0.000	(− 0.005; − 0.004)	< 0.0001
Female	0.009	0.006	(− 0.003; 0.021)	0.125
Race/ethnicity
White	ref	ref	ref	ref
Black	0.022	0.015	(− 0.007; 0.051)	0.133
Asian	− 0.012	0.011	(− 0.033; 0.010)	0.293
Hispanic	0.041	0.027	(− 0.012; 0.094)	0.127
Other racial/ethnic groups	0.040*	0.020	(0.002; 0.079)	0.041
Household structure:
Total number of people in household	0.009*	0.005	(0.000; 0.018)	0.047
Married and had children	ref	ref	ref	ref
Unmarried and had children	0.028*	0.013	(0.002; 0.054)	0.036
Married and no children	0.017	0.016	(− 0.015; 0.049)	0.307
Unmarried and no children	0.027*	0.012	(0.005; 0.050)	0.018
SES:
Above-low-income household	ref	ref	ref	ref
Low-income household	0.039*	0.018	(0.003; 0.075)	0.036
Poor household	0.045	0.031	(− 0.015; 0.106)	0.141
Educational attainment	0.002	0.003	(− 0.005; 0.009)	0.580
Housing Tenure
Owned	ref	ref	ref	ref
Rented	0.044**	0.014	(0.016; 0.072)	0.002
Mortgage or loan	0.022**	0.007	(0.008; 0.036)	0.002
Employed for the last 7 days	− 0.070***	0.014	(− 0.098; − 0.042)	< 0.0001
Received free groceries or a free meal during the past 7 days	0.090***	0.022	(0.047, 0.133)	< 0.0001
Health:
General health status	− 0.068***	0.004	(− 0.075, − 0.060)	< 0.0001

*** p < 0.001,** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05

Results presented in Table 2 were weighted based on the HPS recommended sampling weights

Inverse Gaussian distribution with the identity link function