Table 3.
Results of the GEE models predicting the causes of food insecurity among food-insecure households during the pandemic (n = 30,534)
| Variables | Model 2 (Could not afford to buy more food) |
Model 3 (Afraid to go or did not want to go out to buy food) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | SE | CI | p | B | SE | CI | p | |
| Intercept | 0.271 | 0.190 | (− 0.102; 0.644) | 0.154 | − 0.598** | 0.1952 | (− 0.980; − 0.215) | 0.002 |
|
Household food insecurity level prior to March 13, 2020 |
0.659*** | 0.046 | (0.570; 0.749) | < 0.0001 | − 0.267*** | 0.0344 | (− 0.335; − 0.200) | < 0.0001 |
| Demographic characteristics: | ||||||||
| Age | − 0.022*** | 0.002 | (− 0.027; − 0.018) | < 0.0001 | − 0.011*** | 0.0017 | (− 0.014; − 0.007) | < 0.0001 |
| Female | 0.158* | 0.078 | (0.006; 0.311) | 0.042 | 0.130* | 0.0627 | (0.007; 0.253) | 0.038 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| White | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Black | 0.526*** | 0.073 | (0.384; 0.668) | < 0.0001 | − 0.100 | 0.0958 | (− 0.287; 0.088) | 0.298 |
| Asian | 0.001 | 0.141 | (− 0.275; 0.278) | 0.993 | 1.303*** | 0.1220 | (1.064; 1.542) | < 0.0001 |
| Hispanic | 0.037 | 0.158 | (− 0.273; 0.348) | 0.814 | 0.378** | 0.1099 | (0.163; 0.594) | 0.001 |
| Other racial/ethnic groups | 0.265** | 0.096 | (0.076; 0.454) | 0.006 | 0.257* | 0.1270 | (0.009; 0.506) | 0.043 |
| Household structure: | ||||||||
|
Total number of people in household |
0.012 | 0.019 | (− 0.025; 0.050) | 0.518 | − 0.008 | 0.0307 | (− 0.068; 0.052) | 0.800 |
| Married and had children | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Unmarried and had children | − 0.038 | 0.121 | (− 0.275; 0.198) | 0.751 | 0.017 | 0.0634 | (−0.107; 0.142) | 0.785 |
| Married and no children | − 0.058 | 0.121 | (− 0.295; 0.179) | 0.631 | − 0.116 | 0.0724 | (− 0.258; 0.026) | 0.109 |
| Unmarried and no children | 0.049 | 0.089 | (− 0.126; 0.224) | 0.584 | 0.150 | 0.1077 | (− 0.061; 0.361) | 0.163 |
| SES: | ||||||||
| Above-low-income household | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Low-income household | 0.570*** | 0.069 | (0.434; 0.705) | < 0.0001 | 0.035 | 0.0787 | (− 0.119; 0.190) | 0.654 |
| Poor household | 0.515*** | 0.098 | (0.323; 0.706) | < 0.0001 | − 0.190 | 0.1860 | (− 0.555; 0.175) | 0.307 |
| Educational attainment | − 0.134*** | 0.030 | (− 0.193; − 0.076) | < 0.0001 | 0.142*** | 0.0157 | (0.111; 0.173) | < 0.0001 |
| Housing Tenure | ||||||||
| Owned | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Rented | 0.492*** | 0.074 | (0.346; 0.637) | < 0.0001 | − 0.285* | 0.1112 | (− 0.503; − 0.067) | 0.010 |
| Mortgage or loan | 0.080 | 0.070 | (−0.057; 0.217) | 0.250 | −0.067 | 0.1059 | (− 0.275; 0.140) | 0.526 |
| Employed for the last 7 days | − 0.299* | 0.125 | (− 0.543; − 0.055) | 0.016 | − 0.042 | 0.0625 | (− 0.164; 0.081) | 0.503 |
| Received free groceries or a free meal during the past 7 days | 0.564*** | 0.150 | (0.269; 0.858) | < 0.0001 | − 0.144* | 0.0710 | (− 0.283; − 0.005) | 0.042 |
| Health: | ||||||||
| General health status | − 0.148*** | 0.033 | (− 0.213; − 0.083) | < 0.0001 | − 0.111*** | 0.0247 | (− 0.159; − 0.062) | < 0.0001 |
*** p < 0.001,** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05
Results presented in Table 3 were weighted based on the HPS recommended sampling weights
Binomial distributions with a logit link function