Table 5.

Results of the GEE model predicting the level of food security confidence during the COVID-19 pandemic (n = 74,413)

Variables	Model 6
	B	SE	CI	p
Intercept	0.917***	0.041	(0.838; 0.997)	< 0.0001
Household food insecurity level prior to March 13, 2020	− 0.177***	0.006	(− 0.189; − 0.165)	< 0.0001
Demographic characteristics:
Age	0.001	0.000	(0.000; 0.001)	0.123
Female	− 0.012	0.010	(− 0.031; 0.007)	0.204
Race/ethnicity
White	ref	ref	ref	ref
Black	− 0.061***	0.014	(− 0.088; − 0.033)	< 0.0001
Asian	− 0.067***	0.010	(− 0.087; − 0.047)	< 0.0001
Hispanic	− 0.060***	0.008	(− 0.077; − 0.044)	< 0.0001
Other Racial/ethnic groups	− 0.053**	0.018	(− 0.088, − 0.017)	0.003
Household structure:
Total number of people in household	0.006	0.003	(− 0.001; 0.011)	0.053
Married and had children	ref	ref	ref	ref
Unmarried and had children	− 0.016	0.010	(− 0.035; 0.004)	0.110
Married and no children	0.040***	0.010	(0.021; 0.059)	< 0.0001
Unmarried and no children	0.012	0.009	(− 0.005; 0.029)	0.175
SES:
Above-low-income household	ref	ref	ref	ref
Low-income household	− 0.090***	0.009	(− 0.108; − 0.072)	< 0.0001
Poor household	− 0.101***	0.018	(− 0.138; −0.065)	< 0.0001
Educational attainment	0.020***	0.003	(0.014; 0.026)	< 0.0001
Housing Tenure
Owned	ref	ref	ref	ref
Rented	− 0.059***	0.016	(− 0.090; − 0.029)	< 0.0001
Mortgage	− 0.026	0.014	(− 0.053; 0.000)	0.052
Employed for the last 7 days	0.034***	0.006	(0.022; 0.046)	< 0.0001
You or anyone in your household might experience a loss of employment income in the next 4 weeks because of the COVID-19 pandemic	− 0.152***	0.009	(− 0.169; −0.134)	< 0.0001
Received free groceries or a free meal during the last 7 days	− 0.030*	0.013	(− 0.055; −0.006)	0.015
Health:
General health status	0.061***	0.004	(0.054; 0.068)	< 0.0001

*** p < 0.001,** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05

Results presented in Table 5 were weighted based on the HPS recommended sampling weights

Inverse Gaussian distribution with the log link function