Table 4.
Univariable analysis of clinical, laboratory and radiologic findings.
| Variable | ICU Admission (n = 47) |
Intubation (n = 38) |
Mortality (n = 36) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR(95% CI) | p-value | OR(95% CI) | p-value | OR(95% CI) | p-value | |
| Clinical and Lab Findings | ||||||
| Age ≥ 65 | 1.48 (0.71–3.11) |
0.292 | 2.42 (1.10–5.32) |
0.027†,* | 2.43 (1.09–5.40) |
0.028†,* |
| O2 Saturation < 93% | 1.50 (0.70–3.17) |
0.290 | 1.62 (0.73–3.60) |
0.233 | 1.69 (0.75–3.82) |
0.203 |
| Temperature > 37.5 °C | 0.99 (0.47–2.09) |
0.990 | 1.10 (0.50–2.40) |
0.807 | 1.07 (0.48–2.36) |
0.864 |
| CRP > 5 mg/L | 0.83 (0.17–3.92) |
0.823 | 1.15 (0.21–6.23) |
0.868 | 1.06 (0.19–5.74) |
0.944 |
| AST > 40 units/L | 1.52 (0.72–3.21) |
0.265 | 1.87 (0.84–4.16) |
0.121 | 1.95 (0.86–4.40) |
0.106 |
| Coagulopathy | 1.34 (0.52–3.44) |
0.537 | 1.47 (0.53–4.08) |
0.452 | 1.78 (0.61–5.22) |
0.290 |
| Anemia | 2.42 (1.14–5.11) |
0.021†,* | 3.82 (1.68–8.66) |
0.001†,* | 3.31 (1.45–7.52) |
0.004†,* |
| Thrombocytopenia | 1.76 (0.84–3.72) |
0.133 | 1.50 (0.69–3.28) |
0.299 | 1.48 (0.67–3.25) |
0.328 |
| Lymphopenia | 2.68 (1.25–5.74) |
0.011†,* | 1.96 (0.89–4.29) |
0.091† | 1.93 (0.87–4.26) |
0.104 |
| Neutrophilia | 1.14 (0.53–2.44) |
0.725 | 1.21 (0.55–2.68) |
0.631 | 1.66 (0.53–2.60) |
0.707 |
| Radiologic Findings | ||||||
| GGO | 0.49 (0.14–1.72) |
0.270 | 0.51 (0.14–1.80) |
0.299 | 0.47 (0.13–1.65) |
0.240 |
| Consolidation | 2.36 (0.86–6.43) |
0.093† | 0.209 (0.72–6.08) |
0.174 | 2.62 (0.83–8.29) |
0.100 |
| Reticular Pattern | 0.37 (0.15–0.92) |
0.034†,* | 0.46 (0.18–1.19) |
0.114 | 0.40 (0.15–1.09) |
0.074† |
| GGO Type | ||||||
| Pure GGO | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| IST + GGO | 0.92 (0.31–2.72) |
0.890 |
0.75 (0.24–2.33) |
0.626 |
0.63 (0.99–1.99) |
0.440 |
| AD + GGO | 1.88 (0.41–8.61) |
0.413 | 1.66 (0.35–7.76) |
0.515 | 1.66 (0.35–7.76) |
0.515 |
| CP | 0.56 (0.13–2.26) |
0.416 | 0.71 (0.17–2.94) |
0.641 | 0.71 (0.17–2.94) |
0.641 |
| Axial Distribution | ||||||
| Subpleural | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Central | 0.48 (0.04–4.87) |
0.536 | 0.62 (0.06–6.33) |
0.689 | 0.71 (0.07–7.28) |
0.776 |
| Diffuse | 0.85 (0.40–1.81) |
0.688 | 0.70 (0.31–1.56) |
0.394 | 0.81 (0.36–1.81) |
0.609 |
| Craniocaudal Distribution | ||||||
| Apical | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Basal | 0.45 (0.07–3.00) |
0.417 | 0.17 (0.40–1.77) |
0.171 | 0.21 (0.03–1.45) |
0.115 |
| No Dominance | 0.37 (0.25–8.97) |
0.297 | 0.30 (0.04–1.95) |
0.211 | 0.30 (0.04–1.95) |
0.211 |
| Bilateral Involvement | 4.80 (0.57–40.3) |
0.148 | 3.40 (0.40–28.7) |
0.260 | 3.14 (0.37–26.50) |
0.293 |
| Pleural Effusion | 2.15 (0.89–5.19) |
0.087† | 2.24 (0.91–5.47) |
0.077† | 2.5 (1.01–6.14) |
0.046†,* |
| Pericardial Effusion | 1.34 (0.48–3.70) |
0.58 | 1.52 (0.54–4.31) |
0.424 | 1.68 (0.59–4.77) |
0.98 |
| Underlying Lung Disease | 0.54 (0.20–1.42) |
0.216 | 0.47 (0.16–1.38) |
0.174 | 0.52 (0.17–1.52) |
0.236 |
| Cardiomegaly | 1.14 (0.54–2.39) |
0.714 | 1.16 (0.53–2.52) |
0.706 | 1.39 (0.63–3.09) |
0.409 |
| Mediastinal Lymphadenopathy | 1.59 (0.30–8.23) |
0.580 | 1.08 (0.18–6.18) |
0.928 | 1.17 (0.20–6.73) |
0.855 |
| Coronary Heart Disease | 0.32 (0.06–1.55) |
0.158 | 0.19 (0.02–1.60) |
0.129 | 0.21 (0.02–1.74) |
0.149 |
| Number of Zones Involved | 1.27 (0.97–1.66) |
0.078† | 1.24 (0.93–1.66) |
0.130 | 1.34 (0.98–1.84) |
0.059† |
| CSS (continuous) | 1.15 (1.07–1.23) |
<0.001* | 1.14 (1.06–1.22) |
<0.001* | 1.17 (1.08–1.26) |
<0.001* |
| CSS > 5+ | 1.99 (0.87–4.53) |
0.101 | 1.82 (0.76–4.36) |
0.177 | 2.00 (0.81–4.94) |
0.129 |
| CSS > 8§ | 3.00 (1.40–6.44) |
0.005†,* | 3.12 (1.38–7.03) |
0.006†,* | 3.9 (1.66–9.11) |
0.002†,* |
| CSS > 12‡ | 3.18 (1.38–7.34) |
0.007* | 3.66 (1.56–8.58) |
0.003* | 4.17 (1.76–9.86) |
0.001* |
+
25th Percentile of CSS was 5.
§
Median of CSS was 8.
‡
75th Percentile of CSS was 12.
†
Entered into multivariable analysis.
⁎
Significant p-value
Abbreviations: CRP, C-reactive protein; AST, aspartate transaminase; INR, international normalized ratio of prothrombin time; HB, hemoglobin; Plt, platelet; Lymph, lymphocyte count in peripheral blood; Neutr, neutrophil count in peripheral blood; GGO, ground-glass opacity; HC: honeycomb formation, IST, interlobular septal thickening; CP, crazy paving pattern; AD, architectural distortion; CSS, CT severity score.