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. 2020 Oct 14;13:138. doi: 10.1186/s13041-020-00679-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Efficient retrograde transduction by rAAV9-Retro. a The 10-mer peptide sequence (LADQDYTKTA) from AAV2-Retro (AAV2 libraries) was inserted between Q588 and A589 of the AAV9 capsid to produce AAV9-Retro. b The AAV-CaMKIIa-mCherry and AAV-CaMKIIa-EGFP vectors were used for packaging into viruses as a specific indicator of neurons. c Transduction validation of mouse brain neurons in vivo using AAV9-Retro. The AAV-CaMKIIa-EGFP vector was packaged into the AAV9-Retro virus, and then 300 nl of rAAV9-Retro-CaMKIIa-EGFP virus was infused into the VTA region, followed by local infection. The cortical region projecting to the VTA was imaged by confocal microscopy at 21 days post-injection (DPI). Many green fluorescent signals were found in the VTA and cortex. Scale bars = 1 mm. VTA: ventral tegmental area