Table 1.
The characteristics of the study participants in Monduli District in Tanzania, 2020 (n = 510)
| Variables | Mean ± SD or n (%) | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Women | Men | ||
| n = 510 | n = 269 | n = 241 | ||
| Weight (kg) | 67.1 ± 14.6 | 68.5 ± 16.9 | 65.5 ± 11.7 | 0.081 |
| Height (cm) | 162.9 ± 9 | 157.9 ± 7.3 | 168.1 ± 7.2 | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 83.8 ± 16.8 | 85.3 ± 19.1 | 81.8 ± 13.3 | < 0.001 |
| Hips circumference (cm) | 97.6 ± 13.2 | 102.1 ± 16.9 | 92.6 ± 10.3 | < 0.001 |
| Waist hips ratio (WHR) | 82.4 ± 14.6 | 85.3 ± 15.3 | 79.6 ± 13.2 | 0.027 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 127.8 ± 18.3 | 126 ± 18.5 | 129.6 ± 18.1 | 0.022 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78.1 ± 13.6 | 78.2 ± 12.8 | 78.1 ± 14.5 | 0.845 |
| Pulse rate (beats/min) | 78.9 ± 20.1 | 79.9 ± 22.1 | 77.8 ± 17.6 | 0.243 |
| Number of meals | 2.7 ± 0.5 | 2.7 ± 0.5 | 2.7 ± 0.5 | 0.351 |
| Dietary diversity score (DDS) | 4.4 ± 2.1 | 4.2 ± 2.2 | 4.4 ± 2.1 | 0.161 |
| Age (years) | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 36(52–25) | 39(57–25) | 34(50–25) | |
| 18–29 | 190(37.3) | 94(34.9) | 96(39.8) | 0.003 |
| 30–39 | 92(18) | 45(16.7) | 47(19.5) | |
| 40–59 | 139(27.2) | 67(24.9) | 72(29.8) | |
| Above 60 | 89(17.5) | 63(23.4) | 26(10.8) | |
| Educational attainment | ||||
| No education | 110(21.6) | 63(23.4) | 47(19.5) | 0.393 |
| Primary education | 226(52.2) | 136(50.6) | 130(53.9) | |
| O level secondary | 20(3.9) | 8(2.9) | 12(5) | |
| A level secondary | 81(15.9) | 47(17.5) | 34(14.1) | |
| College/University | 33(6.5) | 15(5.6) | 18(7.5) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | 80(15.6) | 34(12.6) | 46(19.1) | < 0.001 |
| Married/cohabiting | 353(69.2) | 172(63.9) | 181(75.1) | |
| Divorced | 32(6.7) | 23(8.5) | 9(3.7) | |
| Widow | 45(8.8) | 40(14.8) | 5(2.1) | |
| Physical activity (PA) | ||||
| Low | 225(44.1) | 135(49.8) | 90(36.9) | 0.002 |
| Moderate | 86(16.8) | 48(17.8) | 38(15.4) | |
| High | 199(39.1) | 86(32.3) | 113(47.7) | |
| Body mass index (BMI) | ||||
| Underweight | 42(8.2) | 29(10.8) | 13(5.4) | < 0.001 |
| Normal | 239(46.8) | 80(29.7) | 159(65.9) | |
| Overweight | 126(24.7) | 63(23.4) | 63(26.1) | |
| Obesity | 103(20.2) | 97(36.1) | 6(2.5) | |
| Abdominal obesity (WHR) | ||||
| Normal | 317(62.2) | 140(52.1) | 177(73.4) | < 0.001 |
| Obesity | 193(37.8) | 129(47.9) | 64(26.6) | |
| Monthly income (Tsh) | ||||
| No income | 140(27.4) | 86(31.9) | 54(22.4) | |
| < 50,000 | 145(28.4) | 95(35.3) | 50(20.8) | < 0.001 |
| 50,000-200,000 | 100(19.6) | 36(13.4) | 64(26.6) | |
| > 200,000 | 125(24.5) | 52(19.3) | 73(30.3) | |
| Smoking | ||||
| Ever experience | 62(12.2) | 12(4.5) | 50(20.8) | < 0.001 |
| Never experience | 448(87.8) | 257(95.5) | 191(79.2) | |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| Never | 354(69.4) | 197(73.2) | 157(65.2) | 0.048 |
| Occassional | 27(5.3) | 9(3.3) | 18(7.5) | |
| Frequent | 129(25.3) | 63(23.4) | 66(27.4) | |