Table 2.

Active time recorded over 24 h

Study (location)	Participant information	Length of stay (days), disease characteristics	Device, duration of monitoring	Time spent in activity—% of 24 h	Comments/transformations performed
Evenson et al. 2017 [38] (Norway)	N = 38 Age: 82.9 ± 6.3 Male:74%	LOS: 11.1 ± 7.8 Diagnoses: mixed acute	ActivPAL (PAL Technologies, Glasgow, UK) Recorded for 24 h on day 3 of admission	8.1% ± 6.2	All hours converted to minutes. All minutes converted to a % of 24 h
Floegel et al. 2019 [35] (USA)	N = 27 Age: 78.0 ± 9.8 Male:48%	LOS: 5 ± 3.9 Diagnosis: heart failure	ActivPAL Recorded 24 h a day from recruitment to discharge	7.3% ± 9.6	Results for standing time (5.30% ± 4.2) and ambulating time (1.97% ± 8.6) summed with a pooled SD
Karlsen et al. 2017 [28] (Denmark)	N = 151 Age: 85 ± 7.2 Male:35%	LOS: 12.0 ± 6.0 Diagnoses: mixed acute	ActivPAL Recorded 24 h/day from day 2 until discharge or day 13, whichever sooner	8.3% ± 6.6	Authors provided dataset with results for excluded participant groups removed—analysis performed on raw data provided
Rowlands et al. 2014 [32] (Australia)	N = 10 Age: 75.9 ± 9.7 Male:40%	LOS: NR Diagnosis: acute exacerbation of COPD	ActivPAL Recorded 24 h/day from day 2 of admission for 1–2 days	7.7% ± 5.6	All hours converted to minutes. All minutes converted to a % of 24 h
Villumsen et al. 2015 [41] (Denmark)	N = 100 Age: 84 ± 6.3 Male:40%	LOS: 14.2 ± 8.3 Diagnoses: mixed acute	ActivPAL Recorded 24 h/day from day 3 to discharge	5.5% ± 6	Median results converted to mean. Minutes converted to a % of 24 h
Brown et al. 2009 [42] (USA)	N = 45 Age: 74.0 ± 6.5 Male:100%	LOS: 5.2 ± 5.3 Diagnoses: mixed acute	Augmentech Recorded for 7 days or until discharge, whichever sooner	3.8% ± 3.5	No transformation required
Pedersen et al. 2012 [43] (Denmark)	N = 42 Age: 83.5 ± 6.6 Male: 55%	LOS: 7.7 ± 1.5 Diagnoses: mixed acute	Augmentech Applied within 48 h of admission, recorded 24 h/day for 10 days or discharge, whichever sooner	4.5% ± 3.3	Median results converted to mean. All hours converted to minutes. All minutes converted to a % of 24 h. 4.2% of time unaccounted for in original results. Non-ambulatory patients in study as immobility reference excluded from this review

All figures mean ± standard deviation (SD) unless stated. N number of participants, LOS length of stay