Table 5.

Summary of functional change results

Study ID	Measure and protocol	Functional change
Karlsen et al. 2017 [28] (Denmark)	Changes in function were assessed three times during the stay using the deMorton Mobily Index (DEMMI), 30 s Chair Stand Test (30sCST)and Hand grip strength	Results for subset of patient in this review unavailable. Results for all patients, including participants excluded from this review: DEMMI: Score improved by a mean of + 4.2 between test 1 and 3 30sCST: Score improved by a mean of + 1.2 between test 1 and 3 Handgrip strength unchanged
Pitta et al. 2006 [34] (Belgium)	Quadricep Force (in Newton Metres) was recorded on day 3 and 8	Median Quadricep force declined from Day 3 (98, IQR 79–126) to Day 8 (90, IQR 67–109)
Ueda et al. 2016 [33] (Japan)	Changes in function were assessed at baseline and day 10 of admission using the Barthel Index (BI) and Functional Independence Measure (FIM)	Mean score calculated from average of both cohorts show that both BI and FIM scores declined during admission: BI: Baseline: 92.4 ± 12.9. Day 10: 68.9 ± 29.5 FIM: Baseline: 113.8 ± 13.5. Day 10: 97.1 ± 28.8
Villumsen et al. 2015 [39] (Denmark)	Changes in function assessed at admission and discharge by a physiotherapist using Timed Up and Go (TUG) and BI scores	TUG: Minority of participants (40.3%) performed better on discharge. BI Score: Majority of participants (73%) performed better on discharge

All figures mean ± standard deviation (SD) unless stated

DEMMI De Morton Mobility Index, 30sCST 30 s Chair Stand Test, BI Barthel Index, QF Quadriceps force, TUG timed up and go