Table 3. Contribution of individual covariates in explaining between- and within-population variation in child anthropometry and hemoglobin level, National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4; n = 139,116).
| Covariates | Height-for-age z-scores | Weight-for-age z-scores | Weight-for-height z-scores | Standardized Hemoglobin | ||||
| % Explained (95% CI) | % Explained (95% CI) | % Explained (95% CI) | % Explained (95% CI) | |||||
| Between-population | Within-population | Between-population | Within-population | Between-population | Within-population | Between-population | Within-population | |
| Birth order | 4.9 (4.9, 5.0)% | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3)% | 3.8 (3.7, 5.0)% | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3)% | 0.3 (0.2, 0.4)% | 0.1 (0.0, 0.1)% | 0.3 (0.1, 0.4)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% |
| Residence | 5.7 (5.4, 6.1)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% | 4.8 (4.5, 5.1)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% | 0.7 (0.5, 0.9)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% | 0.6 (−0.6, −0.4)% | 0.0 (−0.0, 0.0)% |
| Household Wealth | 22.1 (21.4, 23.1)% | 1.7 (1.6, 1.8)% | 23.6 (22.9, 24.3)% | 1.7 (1.5, 2.0)% | 5.3 (5.3, 6.2)% | 0.5 (0.4, 0.6)% | −2.0 (−3.0, −2.0)% | 0.1 (0.0, 0.1)% |
| Maternal Education | 19.9 (19.1, 20.6)% | 1.2 (1.1, 1.4)% | 19.6 (18.9, 20.3)% | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3)% | 3.8 (3.7, 4.2)% | 0.3 (0.2, 0.5)% | 3.4 (3.1, 3.7)% | 0.1 (0.0, 0.2)% |
| Mother height | 13.5 (12.8, 14.0)% | 3.5 (3.3, 3.8)% | 12.5 (12.0, 13.1)% | 3.5 (3.2, 3.8)% | 2.0 (1.9, 2.2)% | 0.2 (0.1, 0.2)% | 0.1 (0.1, 0.3)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.1)% |
| Mother’s BMI | 9.7 (9.3, 10.1)% | 0.5 (0.4, 0.5)% | 19.7 (19.3, 20.2)% | 0.5 (0.5, 0.6)% | 10.8 (10.4, 11.4)% | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4)% | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.1)% |
| Age at marriage | 4.0 (3.7, 4.3)% | 0.1 (0.1, 0.1)% | 4.3 (4.1, 4.5)% | 0.1 (0.0, 0.1)% | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% | 0.1 (0.1, 0.1)% | 0.0 (−0.0, 0.1)% |
| Dietary diversity | 0.1 (0.0, 0.1)% | 0.0 (−0.1, 1.0)% | 0.4 (0.3, 0.5)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% | 0.3 (0.2, 0.4)% | 0.1 (0.0, 0.1)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% | 0.0 (−0.1, 0.1)% |
| Breastfeeding | 0.0 (0.0, 0.1)% | 0.5 (0.4, 0.6)% | −0.1 (−0.2, 0.0)% | 0.5 (0.4, 0.6)% | −0.2 (−0.3, −0.1)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.1)% | 0.0 (−0.1, 0.1)% |
| Drinking water | −0.1 (−0.2, −0.1)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% | −0.2 (−0.2, −0.1)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% | 0.0 (−0.1, 0.0)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% |
| Sanitation | 13.5 (13.2, 13.8)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% | 17.8 (17.1, 18.5)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% | 5.5 (5.2, 6.0)% | 0.1 (0.0, 0.1)% | 2.3 (2.2, 2.5)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% |
| Stool disposal | 11.0 (10.5, 11.6)% | 0.3 (0.2, 0.3)% | 13.0 (12.3, 13.8)% | 0.3 (0.3, 0.4)% | 3.4 (3.2, 3.7)% | 0.1 (0.0, 0.1)% | 0.8 (0.7, 1.0)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.1)% |
| Infectious Disease | 0.2 (0.0, 0.0)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% | −0.1 (−0.2, −0.1)% | 0.0 (−0.1, 0.1)% | −0.3 (−0.4, −0.2)% | 0.1 (0.0, 0.1)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.1)% | 0.0 (−0.0, 0.0)% |
| Home air quality | 17.0 (16.4, 17.6)% | 0.5 (0.4, 0.6)% | 17.4 (17.0, 17.9)% | 0.5 (0.4, 0.6)% | 3.8 (3.6, 4.1)% | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3)% | −0.3 (−0.6, −0.1)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% |
| Iodized salt | 0.5 (0.4, 0.6)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% | 0.8 (0.8, 0.9)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% | 0.3 (0.2, 0.4)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% | 0.2 (0.0, 0.3)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% |
| Vitamin A suppl. | 0.3 (0.3, 0.4)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% | 0.2 (0.2, 0.2)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% | −0.1 (−0.1, −0.1)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% | 0.0 (−0.0, 0.0)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% |
| Full vaccination | 0.3 (0.2, 0.3)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% | 0.4 (0.4, 0.5)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.1)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% | 0.2 (0.2, 0.3)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% |
| Family planning | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.1)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% | −0.0 (−0.1, 0.1)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% | 0.0 (−0.1, 0.0)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% |
| Birth attendant | 4.2 (4.0, 4.4)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% | 3.5 (3.3, 3.7)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% | 0.3 (0.2, 0.4)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% | −0.2 (−0.3, −0.1)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% |
| Antenatal care visits | 6.1 (5.9, 6.4)% | 0.1 (0.0, 0.0)% | 5.4 (5.1, 5.7)% | 0.1 (0.0, 0.0)% | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3)% | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3)% | 0.0 (−0.1, 0.0)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% |
| Child diarrhea | 0.2 (0.2, 0.3)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% | 0.4 (0.3, 0.4)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% | 0.2 (0.1, 0.2)% | 0.1 (0.0, 0.2)% | 0.1 (0.1, 0.2)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% |
| Child cough/fever | 0.0 (0.0, 0.1)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% | −0.1 (−0.1, 0.0)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% | −1.5 (−0.2, −0.1)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0)% |
BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval.
Each value represents the percent reduction in response to the addition of the listed risk factor over and above adjustment for age and sex.
Between-population columns give the percent reduction for the total population-level (district+community+state). 95% confidence intervals for percent reductions calculated via bootstrapping with 1,000 bootstrap re-samples.