Table 9.
Selected NPIs and COVID-19 transmission rate (fatality-based measure), with country characteristics interactions, FE, selected countries, N = 3179
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SH | 0.3344*** | 0.3430*** | 0.3572*** | 0.3379*** | 0.3945*** | 0.3444*** | 0.3721*** | 0.3762*** |
| (0.0588) | (0.0589) | (0.0605) | (0.0610) | (0.0617) | (0.0606) | (0.0626) | (0.0645) | |
| SWC | 0.7902*** | 0.7699*** | 0.7530*** | 0.7571*** | 0.7274*** | 0.7795*** | 0.7715*** | 0.8083*** |
| (0.0439) | (0.0438) | (0.0467) | (0.0462) | (0.0468) | (0.0456) | (0.0458) | (0.0480) | |
| ET | 0.1906*** | 0.2410*** | − 0.2107 | − 0.2035 | − 0.1107 | 0.0878 | 0.0992* | − 0.0307 |
| (0.0528) | (0.0532) | (0.1457) | (0.1444) | (0.1448) | (0.0548) | (0.0555) | (0.1482) | |
| ET* ln GDP pc | 0.3131*** | 0.5412*** | 0.6103*** | 0.8000*** | ||||
| (0.0612) | (0.0792) | (0.0837) | (0.1492) | |||||
| SWC* ln GDP pc | 0.0084 | − 0.0873 | − 0.0586 | − 0.1902** | ||||
| (0.0386) | (0.0574) | (0.0606) | (0.0901) | |||||
| ET * Pop density | − 1.7854** | − 1.9982*** | − 1.5689** | − 0.4518 | ||||
| (0.7302) | (0.7239) | (0.7265) | (0.7560) | |||||
| SWC* Pop density | − 0.3973*** | − 0.3923*** | − 0.3533*** | − 0.3416*** | ||||
| (0.1131) | (0.1120) | (0.1126) | (0.1182) | |||||
| ET* ln surface area | 0.0807 | 0.1822** | 0.2539*** | 0.4729*** | ||||
| (0.0898) | (0.0921) | (0.0928) | (0.1025) | |||||
| SWC* ln surface area | − 0.1616*** | − 0.2005*** | − 0.1931*** | − 0.3137*** | ||||
| (0.0597) | (0.0633) | (0.0632) | (0.0670) | |||||
| ET* PM2.5 | 0.0717 | 0.3373*** | 0.3848*** | 0.3399*** | ||||
| (0.0759) | (0.0844) | (0.0847) | (0.0900) | |||||
| SWC* PM2.5 | − 0.0256 | − 0.0593 | − 0.0801 | − 0.0829 | ||||
| (0.0450) | (0.0581) | (0.0580) | (0.0615) | |||||
| ET* Empl. rate | − 0.2211*** | 0.016 | 0.0117 | − 0.2866*** | ||||
| (0.0697) | (0.0668) | (0.0671) | (0.0930) | |||||
| SWC* Empl. rate | − 0.1171** | − 0.0886* | − 0.1008** | − 0.0224 | ||||
| (0.0536) | (0.0474) | (0.0479) | (0.0641) | |||||
| ET* Health expnd., % GDP | − 0.2617*** | − 0.2321*** | − 0.5288*** | |||||
| (0.0731) | (0.0753) | (0.1085) | ||||||
| SWC* Health expnd., % GDP | 0.2803*** | 0.2522*** | 0.3507*** | |||||
| (0.0599) | (0.0624) | (0.0778) | ||||||
| ET* Physicians per 1000 people | − 0.01 | − 0.0636 | ||||||
| (0.0794) | (0.0870) | |||||||
| SWC* Physicians per 1000 people | 0.0928 | 0.0994 | ||||||
| (0.0573) | (0.0632) | |||||||
| ET* % 65 yo + | 0.5105*** | 0.4865*** | 0.4727*** | |||||
| (0.0701) | (0.0973) | (0.1011) | ||||||
| SWC* % 65 yo + | − 0.1753*** | − 0.2254*** | − 0.3408*** | |||||
| (0.0574) | (0.0649) | (0.0683) | ||||||
| R2 adj. | 0.252 | 0.262 | 0.260 | 0.274 | 0.282 | 0.276 | 0.276 | 0.296 |
Note: COVID-19 transmission rate alternative measure is constructed using 14 days duration to fatality and 1% mortality rate (See Data Section for further details). The subset of selected countries includes those with number of infected> 19 when school or workplace closures are enacted, 55 countries. SH denotes “stay-at-home” policy. ET denotes extensive testing NPI; SWC denotes schools and workplaces closures NPI. Coefficients presented, standard errors in parenthesis. Statistical significance is denoted as ∗10%, ∗∗5%, and ∗∗∗1% levels