Table 2.
Pooled Prevalence of Patient Characteristics, Presenting Symptoms, Interventions, Treatment, and Disposition
| Variable | Studies | Total Sample Size | Patients | Crude Prevalence (%) |
Pooled Prevalence (%), or Pooled Mean, Unit | 95% CI (Upper-Lower) | Heterogeneity |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I2 (%) | P Value | |||||||
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Age | 38 | 15,654 | ... | ... | 62.6 y | (60.4-64.7) | 98 | <.01 |
| BMI | 12 | 1,391 | ... | ... | 30.1 kg/m2 | (28.7-31.4) | 93 | <.01 |
| Male | 41 | 14,431 | 9,925 | 68.8% | 65.6% | (62.7-68.5) | 80 | <.01 |
| Current smoker | 19 | 1,321 | 218 | 16.5% | 17.4% | (11.8-23.8) | 87 | <.01 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||
| Hypertension | 34 | 3,283 | 1,631 | 49.7% | 49.5% | (44.9-54.0) | 84 | <.01 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 35 | 3,345 | 907 | 27.1% | 26.6% | (22.7-30.8) | 84 | <.01 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 31 | 13,604 | 766 | 5.6% | 22.2% | (13.9-31.8) | 98 | <.01 |
| OSA | 5 | 287 | 54 | 18.8% | 20.0% | (12.0-29.5) | 64 | .03 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 25 | 12,786 | 431 | 3.4% | 10.0% | 6.2-14.6) | 95 | <.01 |
| COPD | 21 | 2,053 | 183 | 8.9% | 9.4% | (7.3-11.8) | 59 | <.01 |
| Asthma | 11 | 985 | 89 | 9.0% | 9.2% | (7.0-11.6) | 27 | .18 |
| Malignancy | 21 | 1,925 | 125 | 6.5% | 6.5% | (5.0-8.1) | 42 | .02 |
| Chronic liver disease | 17 | 1,744 | 78 | 4.5% | 4.7% | (2.9-6.8) | 69 | <.01 |
| Organ transplantation | 4 | 499 | 21 | 4.2% | 4.4% | (2.7-6.3) | 0 | .51 |
| Immunosuppressed | 10 | 11,437 | 402 | 3.5% | 4.1% | (2.5-6.0) | 60 | <.01 |
| Presenting symptoms | ||||||||
| Fever | 17 | 1,377 | 1,071 | 77.8% | 78.9% | (68.6-87.6) | 94 | <.01 |
| Dyspnea | 19 | 1,386 | 935 | 67.5% | 70.0% | (59.7-79.4) | 93 | <.01 |
| Cough | 20 | 1,503 | 1,001 | 66.6% | 68.1% | (58.5-77.0) | 93 | <.01 |
| Anorexia | 3 | 473 | 166 | 35.1% | 46.8% | (21.7-72.8) | 95 | <.01 |
| Fatigue | 10 | 794 | 364 | 45.8% | 37.6% | (24.3-51.8) | 92 | <.01 |
| Sputum | 10 | 633 | 221 | 34.9% | 34.2% | (24.9-44.1) | 77 | <.01 |
| Myalgia | 12 | 781 | 192 | 24.6% | 23.2% | (14.4-33.4) | 87 | <.01 |
| Diarrhea | 15 | 1,278 | 236 | 18.5% | 15.5% | (10.9-20.7) | 79 | <.01 |
| Rhinorrhea | 5 | 393 | 38 | 9.7% | 11.2% | (6.3-17.1) | 42 | .14 |
| Sore throat | 11 | 701 | 71 | 10.1% | 10.9% | (5.5-17.7) | 82 | <.01 |
| Nausea | 8 | 455 | 42 | 9.2% | 9.5% | (6.1-13.6) | 35 | .16 |
| Chest pain | 3 | 211 | 19 | 9.0% | 9.3% | (5.7-13.6) | 0 | .70 |
| Headache | 12 | 663 | 38 | 5.7% | 6.5% | (4.2-9.1) | 24 | .21 |
| Hemoptysis | 4 | 151 | 8 | 5.3% | 4.5% | (0.6-11.2) | 49 | .12 |
| Symptoms onset to ICU admission | 8 | 2,030 | ... | ... | 9.0 d | (7.9-10.0) | 91 | <.01 |
| Laboratory results on hospital admission | ||||||||
| C-Reactive Protein | 7 | 732 | ... | ... | 170.0 mg/L | (113.6-226.3) | 99 | <.01 |
| D-Dimer | 8 | 929 | ... | ... | 3.1 mg/L | (2.0-4.1) | 95 | <.01 |
| Ferritin | 2 | 37 | ... | ... | 1,968.3 μg/mL | (660.4-3276.1) | 91 | .02 |
| Lactate | 4 | 377 | ... | ... | 1.3 mmol/L | (1.1-1.6) | 88 | <.01 |
| Lymphocyte count | 9 | 745 | ... | ... | 0.8 × 109/L | (0.8-0.9) | 54 | .03 |
| Procalcitonin | 3 | 448 | ... | ... | 1.5 ng/L | (1.0-2.0) | 72 | .03 |
| Imaging | ||||||||
| Chest radiography: bilateral chest infiltrates | 10 | 735 | 381 | 51.8% | 71.7% | (48.1-90.7) | 97 | <.01 |
| CT chest: ground glass opacity | 5 | 495 | 267 | 53.9% | 65.5% | (23.7-97.7) | 98 | <.01 |
| Disease severity on ICU admission | ||||||||
| Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score | 12 | 1,391 | ... | ... | 6.3% | (5.1-7.6) | 99 | <.01 |
| Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score | 7 | 11,099 | ... | ... | 16.8% | (14.9-18.8) | 98 | <.01 |
| Organ dysfunction | ||||||||
| ARDS | 13 | 1,260 | 819 | 65.0% | 76.1% | (65.7-85.2) | 93 | <.01 |
| Acute kidney injury | 13 | 1,287 | 380 | 30.2% | 27.1% | (20.6-34.2) | 84 | <.01 |
| Acute liver injury | 6 | 715 | 270 | 37.8% | 25.8% | (1.3-61.6) | 98 | <.01 |
| Shock | 7 | 895 | 230 | 25.7% | 25.3% | (16.7-35.0) | 88 | <.01 |
| Acute cardiac injury | 11 | 1,326 | 357 | 26.9% | 24.2% | (13.5-36.7) | 95 | <.01 |
| Arrhythmia | 3 | 302 | 49 | 16.2% | 22.7% | (3.1-50.5) | 93 | <.01 |
| Thrombotic event | 7 | 852 | 195 | 22.9% | 22.6% | (16.3-29.5) | 76 | <.01 |
| Secondary infection | 9 | 873 | 159 | 18.2% | 18.4% | (14.0-23.2) | 60 | <.01 |
| Interventions | ||||||||
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 28 | 13,543 | 9,247 | 68.3% | 67.7% | (59.1-75.7) | 98 | <.01 |
| Vasopressors | 12 | 1,052 | 581 | 55.2% | 65.9% | (52.4-78.4) | 94 | <.01 |
| Renal replacement therapy | 18 | 12,276 | 3,017 | 24.6% | 16.9% | (12.1-22.2) | 92 | <.01 |
| Noninvasive mechanical ventilation | 15 | 1,519 | 276 | 18.2% | 16.6% | (9.4-25.3) | 93 | <.01 |
| Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation | 18 | 1,828 | 103 | 5.6% | 6.4% | (4.1-9.1) | 76 | <.01 |
| Treatment | ||||||||
| Antimicrobial therapy | 18 | 1,677 | 1,526 | 91.0% | 94.6% | (90.6-97.6) | 88 | <.01 |
| Antiviral therapy | 18 | 1,580 | 791 | 50.1% | 74.3% | (51.9-91.9) | 99 | <.01 |
| Intravenous immunoglobulin | 8 | 917 | 365 | 39.8% | 50.1% | (17.8-82.3) | 99 | <.01 |
| Glucocorticoid | 17 | 1,617 | 704 | 43.5% | 43.2% | (24.8-62.5) | 98 | <.01 |
| Disposition | ||||||||
| ICU length of stay | 11 | 2,484 | ... | ... | 10.8 d | (9.3-18.4) | 94 | <.01 |
| Hospital length of stay | 10 | 2,518 | ... | ... | 19.1 d | (16.3-21.9) | 95 | <.01 |
| In-hospital deaths | 45 | 16,561 | 6,783 | 41.0% | 28.1% | (23.4-33.0) | 96 | <.01 |
| Remain in hospital | 32 | 15,842 | 1,590 | 10.0% | 22.6% | (16.8-28.9) | 98 | <.01 |
| Discharged from hospital | 33 | 15,896 | 7,689 | 48.4% | 43.9% | (38.9-48.9) | 95 | <.01 |