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(A) Three-dimensional (3D)-printed culture tube holder for monitoring the bacterial growth of liquid microbial cultures (OC: Optical cable; TH: Tube holder)[49]. (B) 3D-printed magnet-spacer assembly showing bacterial separation by 3D immunomagnetic flow assay[58]. (C) 3D-printed vertically designed cylindrical chamber was developed for bioluminescent bacterial detection[7]. (D) Inkjet-printed interdigitated electrode sensor for phage detection[26].
