Table 3.
Current osteoporosis treatments, function of the drugs/treatments, and the drug/treatment side-effects.
| Drug/Treatment | Drug/Treatment Function | Side-Effects of Drug/Treatment | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bisphosphonates | Antiresorptive | Gastrointestinal discomfort; hypocalcemia; esophageal cancer; jaw osteonecrosis; decreased bone turnover rate | [252,253,257,258,259,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294] |
| Calcitonin | Antiresorptive | Nausea; increased risk for cancer; allergic reactions; hypocalcemia | [41,295] |
| Denosumab | Antiresorptive | Tumor progression; hypocalcemia; jaw osteonecrosis; pancreatitis | [265,266,267] |
| Hormone replacement therapy (i.e., selective estrogen receptor modulator [SERM]) | Antiresorptive | Hot flashes; leg cramps; pulmonary embolism; deep vein thrombosis; retinal vein thrombosis; thromboembolism; invasive breast cancer | [260,261,262,263,264,296] |
| Romosozumab | Antiresorptive and Anabolic | Jaw osteonecrosis; hepatitis; nasopharyngitis; hypercalcemia; arthralgia | [268,270,297,298,299,300] |
| Teriparatide (PTH 1–34) | Anabolic | Nausea; vomiting; headaches; hypercalcemia; hypercalciuria; hypomagnesemia | [252,253,301,302,303,304,305] |