Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to quintiles of plant-based diet index (PBDi) distribution
| Characteristic | Quintile 1 (n = 78) | Quintile 2 (n = 83) | Quintile 3 (n = 82) | Quintile 4 (n = 91) | Quintile 5 (n = 84) | P trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PBDi score | 31 (14–33) | 35 (34–36) | 38 (37–39) | 41 (40–43) | 46 (44–55) | |
| Age, years | 71 ± 0.63 | 71 ± 0.63 | 71 ± 0.56 | 71 ± 0.52 | 71 ± 0.50 | 0.19 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.7 ± 3.8 | 26.2 ± 3.8 | 26.0 ± 2.7 | 26.2 ± 3.0 | 25.4 ± 3.0 | 0.05 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 95.5 (90–104) | 95 (88–101) | 94 (88–99) | 94 (89–99) | 93 (87–98) | 0.02 |
| Hip circumference, cm | 101 (97–106) | 100 (96–104) | 99 (96–103) | 99 (97–103) | 100 (95–104) | 0.22 |
| Waist/hip ratio | 0.96 (0.91–0.99) | 0.96 (0.9–0.98) | 0.93 (0.9–0.96) | 0.95 (0.91–0.98) | 0.93 (0.9–0.96) | 0.03 |
| Current smokers, n (%) | 29 (38) | 22 (27) | 17 (21) | 20 (22) | 13 (16) | < 0.01 |
| Sedentary/moderate physical activity, n (%) | 38 (49) | 37 (45) | 30 (37) | 35 (39) | 34 (41) | 0.19 |
| Alcohol intake, g/day | 6.3 (1.9–11.1) | 4.6 (1.4–11.9) | 4.4 (1.0–8.2) | 4.4 (1.0–8.0) | 2.7 (0.6–6.9) | < 0.01 |
| Cardiovascular disease, % | 30 (39) | 37 (45) | 28 (34) | 31 (34) | 24 (29) | 0.07 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 65 (83) | 66 (80) | 63 (77) | 69 (76) | 58 (69) | 0.03 |
| ACEI/ARBs, n (%) | 6 (8) | 11 (13) | 8 (10) | 6 (7) | 5 (6) | 0.23 |
| Beta blockers, n (%) | 22 (30) | 17 (21) | 14 (17) | 21 (23) | 19 (23) | 0.47 |
| Calcium channel antagonist, n (%) | 13 (18) | 10 (12) | 5 (6) | 14 (15) | 10 (12) | 0.55 |
| Diuretics, n (%) | 13 (18) | 14 (17) | 9 (11) | 14 (15) | 8 (10) | 0.15 |
| Lipid-lowering drugs, n (%) | 6 (8) | 8 (10) | 7 (9) | 14 (15) | 7 (8) | 0.56 |
| Biochemical measurements | ||||||
| eGFR, mL/min per 1.73m2 | 50 (44–55) | 51 (45–57) | 51 (46–56) | 51 (47–57) | 54 (49–57) | 0.06 |
| Sistolic blood pressure | 140 ± 17 | 135 ± 15 | 135 ± 15 | 135 ± 16 | 132 ± 15 | 0.01 |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 77 ± 8 | 76 ± 9 | 76 ± 7 | 76 ± 8 | 75 ± 8 | 0.07 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 59 (76) | 63 (76) | 63 (77) | 69 (76) | 65 (77) | 0.82 |
| CRP, mg/L | 2.6 (1.5–5.5) | 2.4 (1.5–4.7) | 2.2 (1.2–4.6) | 2.1 (1.1–4.4) | 1.6 (0.7–4.1) | < 0.01 |
| IL-6 ng/L | 4.5 (2.5–9.2) | 4.1 (2.4–7.4) | 3.7 (2.2–5.9) | 3.4 (2.1–5.2) | 3.7 (2.1–7.4) | 0.03 |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 97.3 ± 8.8 | 95.0 ± 9.9 | 95.8 ± 8.2 | 95.0 ± 9.5 | 96.4 ± 10.1 | 0.53 |
| Insulin, µg/L | 43 (29–62) | 45 (29–67) | 43 (29–61) | 41 (28–60) | 42 (32–54) | 0.21 |
| Glucose disposal rate | 4.9 (3.6–5.9) | 5.3 (4.1–6.8) | 5.5 (4.4–6.6) | 5.2 (3.9–7.0) | 5.6 (4.2–6.7) | 0.03 |
| Insulin sensitivity, mg/min/kg M/I, 100 × mg/kg/min mU/L | 4.4 (3.1–5.9) | 4.6 (3.4–6.5) | 5.3 (3.9–6.3) | 4.6 (3.4–6.9) | 5.5 (3.7–7.1) | 0.03 |
Data are expressed as mean ± SD, median (25th, 75th centile), or number (%), as appropriate
BMI body mass index, ACE inhibitors angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors, CRP C-reactive protein, Insulin sensitivity index (M/I) 100 × mg/kg/min mU/L