Table 1.
Recent applications of anticancer drugs with gold nanoparticles in drug delivery and combined radiation therapy with clinically relevant energies.
| Nanoparticle Complex | Treatment Parameters | Modality | Experimental Outcomes | Cell Line/Tumor Model | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PTX-TNFα-PEG-GNPs | 32.6 nm GNPs; 2.5 mg/kg dose | Chemotherapy | Selective delivery of nanoparticles to tumor and improved efficacy | Ovarian Cancer Cell Line (A2780); B16/F10 tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice | [133] |
| DOX-PEG-GNPs | 41 nm GNPs; 6 mg/kg dose | Chemotherapy | Dramatically reduced normal tissue toxicity | Ovarian Cancer Cell Line (A2780); CD-1 mice | [138] |
| BLM-DOX-PEG-GNPs | 13 nm GNPs; 10–100 nM dose | Chemotherapy | Cancer cell environment-mediated drug release and improve EC50 | Cervical Cancer Cell Line (HeLa) | [140] |
| CIS-GLC-PEG-GNP | 20 nm GNPs; 10 mg/kg dose; 25 Gy at 6 MV | Chemo-radiotherapy | Similar effect to free cisplatin; dramatically improve result when combined with radiation | Skin Cancer Cell line (A-431); A-431 tumor-bearing mice | [171] |
| DOX@GNPs | 2 nm GNPs; 5 mg/kg dose | Chemotherapy | Efficient renal clearance with effective targeting. Reduced normal tissue toxicity with improved antitumor efficacy | Breast Cancer Cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231); Murine Mammary 4T1; CD-1 Mice | [172] |
| PDC-PEG-GNPs | 25–50 nm GNPs; 0–50 µM dose | Chemotherapy | Improved half-life of drug, similar cytotoxicity towards target cells, and active for longer | Murine Lymphoma cells (A20) | [173] |
| Alginate co-loaded with GNPs and CIS | 44 nm NP; 20 µg/mL dose of GNP with 5 µg/mL CIS; 4 Gy at 6 MV | Chemo-radiotherapy with photothermal therapy | ACA and radiotherapy saw improved efficacy over cisplatin and radiation. The addition of photothermal therapy further improved therapeutic results. | Cervical Cancer Cell line (KB) | [174] |
| 5-FU/GSH-GNPs | 9–17 nm GNPs; 0.5–1.5 mg/mL dose | Chemotherapy | Better anticancer effect against the cancer, and reduced drug doses as a result | Colorectal Cancer Cell lines isolated from patients | [175] |
| CS-GNPS-DOX | 21 nm GNPs; 0.05–0.3 mM dose; 0.5, 1, and 3 Gy at 6 MV | Chemo-radiotherapy | Enhanced treatment results including lowered survival fraction, increased apoptosis, and increased DNA damage | Breast Cancer Cell line (MCF-7) | [176] |
| GNP-PEG-RGD; CIS | 10 nm GNPs with 435 nM CIS; 0.3 nM dose; 2 Gy at 6 MV | Chemo-radiotherapy | Improved efficacy of treatment compared to cisplatin and radiation alone | Breast Cancer Cell line (MDA-MB-231) | [116] |
| GNP-PEG-RGD; DTX | 17.2 nm GNPs; 0.2 nM GNPs with 50 nM DTX; 2 Gy at 6 MV | Chemo-radiotherapy | Improved retention of GNPs due to cell synchronicity induced by DTX. Synergistic therapeutic effect found when GNPs and DTX combined | Breast Cancer Cell line (MDA-MB-231) and Cervical Cancer Cell line (HeLa) | [160] |
GNP: Gold Nanoparticle; PAC: Paclitaxel; TNF: Tumor Necrosis Factor; PEG: Polyethylene Glycol; DOX: Doxorubicin; BLM: Bleomycin; CIS: Cisplatin; GLC: Glucose; PDC: Peptide-drug-conjugate containing chlorambucil, melphalan, or bendamustine; 5-FU: 5-Fluorouracil; GSH: Glutathione; CS: Chitosan; RGD: arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid tripeptide; DTX: Docetaxel