Table 1.
AgNPs-membrane composites for wound treatment.
| AgNPs Preparation | AgNPs Size (nm) | Polymer Used | Incorporation Method | Main Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CHEMICAL METHOD (NaBH4) | 5–14 | BC | BC membrane was mixed with AgNO3 and reduced with NaBH4. | Inhibition of S. aureus and E. coli growth on different sugar media (glucose, sucrose, maltose) [66] |
| CHEMICAL METHOD (NaBH4) | 15 | Chitosan | Chitosan was mixed with AgNPs prepared by reduction of AgNO3 with NaBH4 and the mixture was left to dry. | AgNPs in chitosan wound dressing materials facilitate cell proliferation and mitigate bacterial infection [67]. |
| CHEMICAL METHOD (sodium citrate) | 10–30 | PVP chitosan | PVP and chitosan were mixed in a 1:1 ratio, then AgNPs prepared by reduction of AgNO3 with sodium citrate were added, and afterward, the mixture was dried for 48 h. | Addition of 0.001 to 0.01 mg AgNPs to PVP-chitosan film significantly reduced the growth of E. coli and S. aureus [68]. |
| CHEMICAL METHOD (sodium citrate) | 5 | Chitin | Chitin/nanosilver composite scaffolds were prepared by addition of the nanosilver solution (prepared by reduction of AgNO3 with sodium citrate) to chitin hydrogel to obtain chitin/nanosilver composite scaffolds. | This composite inhibits the growth of S. aureus and E. coli. Inhibition zone on the plate was higher in E. coli than S. aureus, indicating higher susceptibility of Gram-negative bacteria to nanosilver [69]. |
| CHEMICAL METHOD (NaBH4) | 3–17 | BC | AgNPs were impregnated into BC fiber by immersing BC pellicles in AgNO3 for 1 h. The silver ion-saturated BC pellicles were reduced with NaBH4. | The growth inhibition ring of E. coli and S. aureus was 2 and 3.5 mm, respectively. No inhibition zone was observed with the pure BC as a control [70]. |
| GREEN METHOD (egg white) | 8–32 | KGM | KGM/AgNPs composite sponge | Animal models showed that the KGM/AgNPs composite sponges effectively accelerated wound healing, fibroblast growth promotion and wound epithelialization on the rabbit model [71]. |
| GREEN METHOD (Camelia sinensis) | 60–150 | Chitosan and chitin | Film casting and dipping in AgNO3 solution | Evaluation of nanofilms as a temporary biological wound dressing material for rats had revealed good healing activity [72]. |
| GREEN METHOD (chitosan) | 16 | Chitosan, PVA, CU | Film casting by evaporation | AgNPs prepared from chitosan demonstrated significant effects against various common pathogens (E.coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans) [73]. |
| GREEN METHOD (cellulose from A. xylinum) | 50–150 | BC | AgNO3 and AgCl reduced by BC and directly incorporated into BC | Membranes exhibited high hydrophilic ability and strong antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and E. coli [74]. |
| IRRADIATION METHOD (gamma rays, 60Co) | 3–13 | Chitin | Gamma rays prepared AgNPs were mixed with chitin in 5% LiCl and DMA system. | Bactericidal effect was significant (p < 0.01) in the presence of chitin nanosilver dressings, whereas the counts of bacteria progressively increased in the absence of nanosilver dressings [75]. |
| THERMAL METHOD (thermal reduction; 80 °C) | 10–30 | Purchased BC | Freeze-dried BC membrane impregnated with AgNPs (direct incorporation) | The thermally prepared AgNPs exhibited significant antibacterial activity, with more than 99% reduction in S. aureus. Moreover, composites allowed attachment and growth of epidermal cells with no cytotoxicity that emerged [76]. |
Explanation of abbreviations: BC—bacterial cellulose; CU—curcumine; DMA—dimethylacetamide; KGM—konjac glucomannan; PVA—poly(vinylalcohol); PVP—poly(vinylpyrrolidone).