Figure 2.

(a) Liver bioreactor components: bottom polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) housing, cover glass, laser-cut PDMS microwells, glass window, and top PMMA cover (i); photo of assembled bioreactor (ii); composite tile scan image of HepG2/C3A organoid after overnight incubation (iii); changes in lactate over glucose ratio following exposure to rotenone (dotted line, iv); changes in lactate over glucose ratio following exposure to troglitazone (dotted line, v). Adapted from Ref. [69] with permission from PNAS. (b) Microsensor device for lactate monitoring placed in the 96-well cell culture plate (i) and lactate measurement of HepaRG spheroids exposed to 30 μM Antimycin A over 18 h (ii). Adapted from Ref. [81] with permission from Elsevier.