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. 2020 Sep 15;10(9):1838. doi: 10.3390/nano10091838

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Encapsulation of EVs within different hydrogel systems. (A) MSC-derived exosomes with an injectable hydrogel for hindlimb ischemia treatment. EVs encapsulated within chitosan hydrogel demonstrated enhanced retention at the site of injury when compared to local delivery with EVs alone. Adapted from [134], with permission from American Chemical Society, 2018. *, p < 0.05 compared to PBS; #, p < 0.05 compared to Exo. (B) Superior reparation of articular full-thickness rabbit defects treated with in situ forming EV-functionalised hydrogel (EHG) when compared to hydrogel alone (HG), pre-formed EV-hydrogel (Pre-EHG), EV delivery alone (Inj-Exos). Adapted from [136], with permission from Royal Society of Chemistry, 2017. (C) Development of two technologies capable of controlling the release kinetics of encapsulated EVs. Reproduced from [137], with permission from John Wiley and Sons, 2019. *, p < 0.05.