Table 2.

Post-isolation EV loading methods.

Technique	Advantages	Disadvantages	Ref.
Co-incubation	Simple method Membrane not compromised Inexpensive	Low loading efficacy	[71]
		Require hydrophobic cargo
Electroporation	Allows loading of large molecules (siRNA, miRNA)	Disrupts EV integrity	[74]
		RNA aggregation
Sonication	Higher loading efficiency	Possible membrane deformation	[78]
		Low-efficiency loading of hydrophobic cargo
Extrusion	High loading efficiency	Possible membrane deformation	[79]
	Simple method
Freeze/thaw	Medium loading efficiency	Aggregation of EVs	[83]
		Reduced loading efficacy
Saponin-assisted loading	High loading efficiency	Possible membrane deformation	[80]
		Possible in vivo toxicity