Table 4.
Delivery of EVs within biomaterial scaffolds for tissue regeneration in various models.
| Clinical Application | EV Source | Biomaterial | Study Observations | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular | Endothelial progenitor cells | Adamantane and β-cyclodextrin-modified hyaluronic acid hydrogel | Enhanced myocardium regeneration | [126] |
| Cardiomyocyte-derived iPSCs | Collagen type I Gelfoam sponge | Increased cardiac recovery in a rat myocardial infarction model | [127] | |
| Skin | Blood plasma | Chitosan/silk fibroin sponge | Enhanced wound healing in a diabetic rat model | [128] |
| Umbilical cord-derived MSCs | HydroMatrix hydrogel | Reduced myofibroblast accumulation/scar formation | [129] | |
| Angiogenic | Human placental MSCs | Chitosan hydrogel | Improved EV retention and capillary formation in hindlimb ischemic model | [130] |
| Bone | BMSCs | HyStem-HP hydrogel | Increased bone healing of critical-sized calvaria defects | [131] |
| MSCs | Thiol-modified hyaluronan | Accelerated regeneration of rat calvaria defect | [132] | |
| Muscular | MSCs | Matrigel | Enhanced angiogenesis and muscle recovery in an ischemia model | [133] |
| MSCs | Silk fibroin hydrogel | Prevented ischemia-induced vascular dysfunction | [116] |