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. 2020 Oct 15;358:104240. doi: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104240

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Fig. 3 — Possible sites of inhibition of viral replication by combination of HCQ, Zn⁺⁺ and MTX. The combination of HCQ, Zn⁺⁺ and MTX interferes with viral replication at several stages. HCQ interferes directly by inhibiting fusion of virus to host membrane receptors and indirectly acts as ionophore that transports Zn⁺⁺ that inhibits viral RNA polymerase. HCQ directly interacts with sialic acid and interferes in the attachment of virus to membrane glycoproteins. MTX interferes at viral replication stage by depleting the nucleotide pool.