Figure 4.

(A) Effect of compound 9c on the cell cycle and apoptosis in kidney carcinoma cell line A-498. Cells were treated with either vehicle [0.1% ethanol (v/v)], 9c (6 µM; approximately IC₅₀ value) for 48 h. Cells were then fixed, stained with propidium iodide (PI), and analyzed by flow cytometry. Cell cycle analysis was performed on histograms of gated counts per DNA area (FL2-A). (B) Quantitative analysis of 4N (G2/M), 2N (G0G1), > 2N (S), and < 2N (sub-G1). DNA content was determined with CellQuest software. Values represent the mean ± SEM for three independent experiments. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA-Bonferroni post-hoc test (***, p < 0.001).