Table 3.
Studies of aPDT in endodontics.
| Citation [ref] | Type of Study/Number of Samples | Test/Control Groups | Laser + PS Used (PS Concentration) | aPDT Protocol/Number of Sessions | Follow-Up | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coelho et al. (2019) [43] | Parallel-group RCT/60 patients/single-rooted teeth with fully developed apices, no probing and no mobility Rubber dam used |
aPDT + RC tx (30 patients)/RC tx (30 patients) Both groups received MB for 2 min |
660 nm + MB (0.5 mg/mL) | Two minutes incubation time, 100 mW, 180 s irradiation in vertical motion, 18 J, 600 J/cm2/1 session: day 0 | 7 days | aPDT + RC tx group showed significant difference in VAS score (lower) after 24 h and 72 h After 7 days no pain and no flare-up in both groups |
| de Miranda et al. (2018) [44] | Parallel-group RCT/16 patients/mandibular molars with apical periodontitis Rubber dam used |
aPDT+RC tx (16 molars)/RC tx (16 molars) Both groups received Ca(OH)2 for 7 days before obturation |
660 nm + MB (25 mg/mL) | Five minutes incubation time, 100 mW, 300 s irradiation in vertical motion, 300 μm tip/1 session: day 0 | 6 months | Clinically no significant difference, (symptoms and bacteria counts) Radiographically significant better healing |
| Garcez et al. (2015) [45] | Repeated measures/28 teeth with periapical periodontitis and apical bone lesion Microbiological samples: 1. after access of bone lesion 2. after conventional surgery 3. after aPDT |
Conventional apical surgery + aPDT Sampling before + after aPDT |
660 nm + MB (19 mg/mL) | Three minutes incubation time, 40 mW, 180 s irradiation time, 7.2 J, 200 μm tip/1 session: day 0 Additionally aPDT in the surgical cavity |
Bacteria before/after Radiographs 3 years |
Bacteria reduction: Conventional therapy 3.5 log surgery + aPDT 5 log (significant) Radiographic area reduction 78% (surgery + aPDT) |
| Juric et al. (2014) [46] | Repeated measures/21 teeth with periapical periodontitis, endodontic retreatment (endo ≥ 2 years), apical bone lesion 3 × 3 mm Microbiological samples: 1. after access of canal 2. after endo re-treatment 3. after aPDT Rubber dam used |
Conventional endo re-treatment + aPDT Sampling before + after aPDT |
660 + MB (10 mg/mL) | Two minutes incubation time, wash with distilled water, dry, 100 mW, 60 s irradiation time, 450 μm diffusor tip/1 session: day 0 | Bacteria before/after | Chemomechanical preparation + aPDT vs. chemome-chanical preparation alone, significant difference in bacteria: Gram-positive (p = 0.02) Gram-negative (p = 0.005) facultative anaerobes (p = 0.013) obligate anaerobes (p = 0.007) |
| Garcez et al. (2010) [47] | Repeated measures/30 teeth of 21 patients with periapical periodontitis, endo retreatment previously with antibiotic resistance and apical bone lesion. Microbiological samples: 1. after access of canal 2. after endo re-treatment 3. after aPDT Rubber dam used |
Conventional endo re-treatment + aPDT Sampling before + after aPDT Placing Ca(OH)2 for 7 days and then second aPDT session without sampling |
660 nm + polyethylenimine chlorin(e6) (3.6 mg/mL) | Two minutes incubation time, wash with distilled water, dry 40 mW, 240 s irradiation time, 9.6 J, 200 μm tip, spiral movement/1 session: day 0 | Bacteria before/after | The combination of endodontic therapy and aPDT killed all 9 multi-drug resistant bacterial species found in root canal infections No p-values available |