Table 5.

Studies with aPDT on Candida and halitosis.

Citation [ref]	Type of Study/Number of Samples	Test/Control Groups	Laser + PS Used (PS Concentration)	aPDT Protocol/Number of Sessions	Follow-Up	Outcome
Afroozi et al. (2019) [53]	Parallel-control RCT/56 patients with denture stomatitis (candida spp)	aPDT + Nystatin (28 patients)/Nystatin (28 patients) Both groups received nystatin tx 3 times per day for 15 days	810 nm + ICG (1 mg/mL)	Palatal application 10 min incubation time, no wash, 30 s irradiation time per point, 56 J/cm2/2 sessions: day 0, 7 (tx of denture not mentioned)	60 days	aPDT + nystatin group significant difference in candida CFU reduction After 15 days p = 0.013 After 60 days (p < 0.0001) Significant difference in reduction in lesion extension after 15 days p = 0.005 and in Newton’s classification (p = 0.007) after 60 days
de Senna et al. (2018) [54]	Parallel-control RCT/36 patients with denture stomatitis (candida spp)	aPDT (18 patients)/Miconazol (18 patients)	660 nm + MB (0.45 mg/mL)	Palatal + prosthesis: 10 min incubation time, no wash, 100 mW, 280 s irradiation time per cm2, dose 28 J/cm2/8 sessions: twice a week for 4 weeks	30 days	aPDT group significant reduction in erythema after 15 days (after 30 days no significant difference) No difference in candida CFU reduction
da Mota et al. (2016) [55]	Parallel-control RCT/46 patients with halitosis	aPDT (15 patients)/aPDT + tongue scraper (15 patients), tongue scraper alone (16 patients)	660 nm + MB (0.05 mg/mL)	Five minutes incubation time, no wash, 100 mW, 90 s irradiation time per point (6 points), 1 cm distance from each other, 9 J, fluence 320 J/cm2, irradiance 3.5 W/cm2, spot area 0.028 cm2, power meter used/1 session: day 0	7 days	aPDT significantly better immediate CFU results No significant differences in CFU or H2S results between groups after 7 days