Table 4.

Changes in physical health after participating in the SaBang-DolGi walking exercise program.

Domain	Characteristic	Period	Exp. (N = 21)	Con. (N = 19)	ANOVA (p)
			M ± SD	M ± SD	G	T	G × T
Physical health	Skeletal muscle mass	Pre	21.13 ± 2.17	21.41 ± 3.82	0.971	0.588	0.001 ***
		Post	21.47 ± 2.26	21.13 ± 2.90
	BMI	Pre	23.31 ± 2.79	25.18 ± 3.77	0.035 *	0.689	0.001 ***
		Post	22.90 ± 2.64	25.55 ± 3.82
	Body fat percentage	Pre	32.09 ± 5.62	35.39 ± 4.33	0.020 *	0.124	0.001 ***
		Post	31.35 ± 5.75	35.84 ± 4.24
	Waist circumference	Pre	80.27 ± 7.08	84.35 ± 7.79	0.020 *	0.957	0.001 ***
		Post	78.63 ± 7.01	86.03 ± 8.24
	Hip circumference	Pre	95.05 ± 5.17	98.69 ± 7.42	0.109	0.010 **	0.047 *
		Post	95.81 ± 5.44	98.79 ± 7.43
	Grip strength	Pre	21.69 ± 3.02	20.83 ± 5.72	0.107	0.404	0.001 ***
		Post	23.35 ± 3.27	19.60 ± 5.53
	Abdominal muscle strength	Pre	14.62 ± 2.82	14.26 ± 2.42	0.001 ***	0.001 ***	0.001 ***
		Post	21.19 ± 2.60	14.26 ± 2.21
	Flexibility	Pre	14.09 ± 8.10	12.18 ± 7.53	0.043 *	0.001 ***	0.001 ***
		Post	18.79 ± 7.59	10.30 ± 8.48

All data represent mean ± standard deviation. Exp., experimental group; Con., control group; Pre., pretest; Post., posttest; M., mean; SD., standard deviation; G., group; T., time; G × T., groups × time. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.