Table 2.
Main results—ICU ventilation data, complications, and outcomes
| All patients | Successful liberation from MV 28d | Unsuccessful liberation from MV 28d | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Initial ventilatory variables a | n = 240 a | n = 93 a | n = 147 a | p |
| Tidal volume set - mL/kg IBW (IQR) | 7.1 (6.5–7.8) | 7 (6.5–7.9) | 7.1 (6.4–7.7) | 0.932 |
| PEEP set - cmH2O (IQR) | 12 (10–14) | 12 (10–14) | 12 (10–14) | 0.466 |
| Pplat - cmH2O (IQR) | 25 (22–27) | 25 (22–27) | 25 (22–28) | 0.662 |
| CRS in supine position - mL/cmH2O (IQR) | 38 (32–47) | 39 (32–48) | 37 (31–47) | 0.297 |
| CRS in supine position < 40 mL/cmH2O – no (%) | 132 (55%) | 49 (52.7%) | 83 (56.5%) | 0.567 |
| Mechanical ventilation - first 5 days | n = 391 | n = 165 | n = 226 | p |
| Highest FiO2 set for at least 12 h - % (IQR) | 70 (60–80) | 70 (60–80) | 75 (60–90) | < 0.001 |
| Lowest PaO2/FiO2 ratio in supine position - (IQR) | 100 (76–132) | 113 (90–145) | 94 (68–123) | < 0.001 |
| PaO2/FiO2 class | < 0.001b | |||
| 200–300 - no (%) | 15 (3.8%) | 6 (3.6%) | 9 (4.0%) | |
| 100–200 - no (%) | 195 (49.9%) | 106 (64.2%) | 89 (39.4%) | |
| < 100 - no (%) | 181 (46.3%) | 53 (32.1%) | 128 (56.6%) | |
| Lowest static CRS - mL/cmH2O (IQR) | 37 (30–45) | 40 (33–47) | 35 (30–43) | < 0.001 |
| CRS < 40 mL/cmH2O - no (%) | 225 (57.5%) | 77 (46.7%) | 148 (65.5%) | < 0.001 |
| ICU stay variables | n = 391 | n = 165 | n = 226 | p |
| Liberation from mechanical ventilation - no (%) | 208 (53.2%) | 165 (100%) | 43 (19%) | – |
| VFD 28 days - d (IQR) | 14 (9–19) | 14 (9–19) | 0 | – |
| Duration of MV - d (IQR) | 16 (10–27) | 14 (9 –19) | 20 (11–33) | < 0.001 |
| Alivec (n = 250) – d (IQR) | 17 (10–30) | 14 (9–19) | 35 (29–46.5) | < 0.001 |
| Extubation - no (%) | 89 (22.8%) | 81 (49%) | 8 (3.5%) | < 0.001 |
| Tracheotomy - no (%) | 224 (57.3%) | 83 (50.3%) | 141 (62.4%) | 0.022 |
| Time from first tracheal intubation to tracheotomy - d (IQR) | 9 (5–12) | 7 (4–11) | 9 (6–13) | 0.002 |
| Length of ICU stay - days (IQR) | 20 (13–32) | 18 (14–27) | 21 (11–38) | 0.111 |
| Alived (n = 250) - days (IQR) | 24 (15–38) | 18 (14–27) | 42 (32–51) | < 0.001 |
| Dead (n = 141) - days (IQR) | 15 (8–22) | 0 | 15 (8–22) | – |
| Post extubation eventsc | n = 89 | n = 81 | n = 8 | p |
| Extubation failure within 48 h - no (%) | 9 (10.1%) | 5 (6.1%) | 4 (50%) | < 0.001 |
| Extubation failure over 48 h - no (%) | 7 (7.9%) | 3 (3.7%) | 4 (50%) | < 0.001 |
| NIV/CPAP after extubation - no (%) | 51 (57.3%) | 43 (53%) | 8 (100%) | 0.017 |
| HFNO after extubation - no (%) | 5 (5.6%) | 9 (11%) | 1 (12.5%) | 0.980 |
| ICU Complications | n = 391 | n = 165 | n = 226 | p |
| Cardiovascular - no (%) | 66 (16.9%) | 10 (6.1%) | 56 (24.8%) | < 0.001 |
| Neurologic - no (%) | 25 (6.4%) | 7 (4.2%) | 18 (8.0%) | 0.137 |
| Gastroenteric - no (%) | 20 (5.1%) | 6 (3.6%) | 14 (6.2%) | 0.257 |
| Need for renal replacement therapy - no (%) | 76 (19.4%) | 13 (7.9%) | 63 (27.9%) | < 0.001 |
| Early onset VAP - no (%) | 76 (19.4%) | 29 (17.6%) | 47 (20.8%) | 0.427 |
| Lateonset VAP - no (%) | 175 (44.8%) | 49 (29.7%) | 126 (55.8%) | < 0.001 |
| Non-pulmonary infections - no (%) | 112 (28.6%) | 35 (21.2%) | 77 (34.1%) | 0.005 |
| Still in ICU at the end of observation - no (%) | 39 (9.7%) | 4 (2.4%) | 35 (15.5%) | < 0.001 |
| ICU mortalityd - no (%) | 141 (36.1%) | 0 (0%) | 141 (62.4%) | < 0.001 |
Abbreviations: IBW ideal body weight, PEEP positive end-expiratory pressure, Pplat plateau pressure, CRS respiratory system compliance measured in a supine position, FiO2 inspired fraction of oxygen, PaO2 arterial oxygen partial pressure, MV mechanical ventilation, NIV non-invasive ventilation, CPAP continuous positive airway pressure, HFNO high flow nasal oxygen, VFD ventilator-free days, VAP ventilator-associated pneumonia
aIncomplete data due to transfer from other ICUs without complete medical records
bp value referred to Pearson’s chi-square test performed on the contingency table represented cThe percentages of extubation failures and NIV/CPAP/HFNO use after extubation are referred to the total number of the patients extubated
dPatients discharged alive from ICU or still in ICU at the end of observation