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. 2020 Sep 13;17(18):6671. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17186671

Table 2.

Respondents’ Knowledge and Perception of COVID-19, PHQ-9 level, and variable relationships by nationality and gender (n = 821) Mean ± S.D. n (%).

Items Korea China Japan Total (N = 821) χ2 (by)
Male (N = 162) Female (N = 228) Total (N = 390) Male (N = 83) Female (N = 198) Total (N = 281) Male (N = 60) Female (N = 90) Total (N = 150) Nationality Gender
Transmission routes
Droplets (agree) 153 (94.44) 224 (98.25) 377 (96.67) 83 (100) 197 (99.49) 280 (99.64) 59 (98.33) 88 (97.78) 147 (98.00) 804 (97.93) 7.145 * 3.493
Objects (agree) 121 (74.69) 178 (78.07) 299 (76.67) 76 (91.57) 184 (92.93) 260 (92.53) 52 (86.67) 76 (84.44) 128 (85.33) 687 (83.68) 30.448 *** 1.477
Air (agree) 71 (43.83) 93 (40.79) 164 (42.05) 59 (71.08) 128 (64.65) 187 (66.55) 17 (29.33) 35 (38.89) 52 (34.67) 403 (49.09) 54.487 *** 0.514
Updated information
Infected case (yes) 157 (96.91) 222 (97.37) 379 (97.18) 83 (100) 198 (100) 271 (100) 58 (96.67) 89 (98.89) 147 (98.00) 807 (98.29) 12.161 ** 1.007
Death case (yes) 153 (94.44) 219 (96.05) 372 (95.38) 81 (97.59) 198 (100) 279 (99.29) 58 (96.67) 87 (96.67) 145 (96.67) 796 (96.96) 8.482 * 2.425
Recovered case (yes) 135 (83.33) 210 (92.11) 345 (88.46) 81 (97.59) 196 (98.99) 277 (98.58) 40 (66.67) 62 (68.89) 102 (68.00) 724 (88.19) 87.810 *** 8.416 **
Number of information sources
1~3 161 (99.38) 223 (97.81) 384 (98.46) 73 (87.95) 193 (92.42) 256 (91.10) 57 (95.00) 70 (77.78) 127 (84.67) 767 (93.42) 37.291 *** 3.119
4~6 1 (0.62) 5 (2.19) 6 (1.54) 10 (12.05) 15 (7.58) 25 (8.90) 3 (5.00) 20 (22.22) 23 (15.33) 54 (6.58)
Contact history 40.132 *** 1.198 *
No 135 (83.33) 185 (81.14) 320 (82.05) 81 (97.59) 192 (96.57) 273 (97.15) 54 (90.00) 66 (73.33) 120 (80) 713 (86.84)
Yes/Suspected 17 (16.66) 43 (18.86) 70 (17.95) 2 (2.41) 3 (2.92) 8 (2.85) 6 (10.00) 14 (26.67) 30 (20.00) 108 (13.16)
Information satisfaction 150.837 *** 0.032
Above satisfied 115 (70.99) 151 (66.23) 266 (68.21) 79 (95.18) 191 (96.46) 270 (96.09) 30 (50.00) 34 (37.78) 64 (42.67) 600 (73.08)
Below satisfied 47 (29.01) 77 (33.77) 124 (31.79) 4 (4.82) 7 (3.54) 11 (3.91) 30 (50.00) 56 (62.22) 86 (57.33) 221 (16.92)
Confidence in diagnosis 31.733 *** 0.059
Highly confident 138 (85.19) 195 (85.53) 333 (85.38) 66 (79.52) 151 (76.26) 217 (77.22) 37 (61.67) 58 (64.44) 95 (63.33) 645 (78.56)
Lowly confident 24 (14.81) 33 (14.47) 57 (14.62) 17 (20.48) 47 (23.74) 64 (22.78) 23 (38.33) 32 (35.56) 55 (36.67) 176 (21.44)
Perceived probability
Getting infected (high) 48 (29.63) 81 (35.53) 129 (33.08) 25 (30.12) 31 (15.66) 56 (19.93) 43 (71.67) 73 (81.11) 116 (77.33) 301 (36.66) 142.894 *** 0.392
Surviving after infection (high) 130 (80.25) 190 (83.33) 320 (82.05) 72 (86.75) 173 (87.37) 245 (87.19) 55 (91.67) 74 (82.22) 129 (86.00) 694 (84.53) 3.599 0.027
Concerns about family members 18.261 *** 11.213 **
High 29 (17.90) 26 (11.40) 335 (85.90) 62 (74.70) 156 (78.79) 218 (77.58) 58 (96.67) 81 (90.00) 139 (92.67) 692 (84.29)
Low 133 (82.10) 202 (88.60) 55 (14.10) 21 (25.30) 42 (21.21) 63 (22.42) 2 (3.33) 9 (10.00) 11 (7.33) 129 (15.71)
Concerns about the disease 6.404 * 10.630 *
High 128 (79.01) 206 (90.35) 334 (85.64) 70 (84.37) 180 (90.91) 250 (88.97) 56 (93.33) 84 (93.33) 140 (93.33) 724 (88.19)
Low 34 (20.99) 22 (9.65) 56 (14.36) 13 (15.66) 18 (9.09) 31 (11.03) 4 (6.67) 6 (6.67) 10 (6.67) 97 (11.81)

* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.