Table 2.
Effects detected by the interaction of metallic NPs over different crops.
| NPs | Concentration | Plant | Effect | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ag | 10, 100, 1000 mg∙L−1 | Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) |
No sign of phytotoxic effect on foliar application, Ag NPs were trapped in lettuce leaves. | [124] |
| Au | 31.25 nM | Rice, perennial ryegrass, radish, and pumpkin | Positive charged NPs are taken by the root, while negative charged are easily translocated into shoots. | [125] |
| Ag | 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg∙L−1 | Mung bean (Phaseolus radiates) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) | Seedling growth affected by NPs, growth rate of P. radiatus not affected by Ag in soil media. | [126] |
| Phytochemical capped Au NPs | 5–15 mg∙L−1 | Maize | Boosted germination of aged maize seed. | [127] |
| Ag | 10, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000 mg∙L−1 | Carrot (Daucus carota L.) |
Reduced germination rate, seed growth, seed protein, increased chlorophyll, and H2O2 content. | [128] |
| Ag and Au | 10 and 30 mg∙L−1 | Chrysanthemum, gerbera, and cape primrose | Ag inhibits rhizogenesis in chrysanthemum and gerbera, Au enhances root regeneration (gerbera), while both NPs increase cape primrose micropropagation. | [129] |
| Au | 10 μg∙L−1 | Arabidopsis thaliana | NPs enhance seed yield, germination rate, growth, and radical scavenging activity. | [130] |
| Au and Ag | 5.4 mg∙L−1 | Onion (Allium cepa L.) |
Au at 5.4 ppm enhances germination, plant height, leaf length, leaf diameter without toxicity symptoms; Ag improved onion seeds germination. | [131] |
| Au | 0, 10, 25, 50 and 100 mg∙L−1 | Brassica juncea | Foliar spray increases plant height, stem diameter, seed yield (10 ppm), and reduced sugar content (25 ppm). | [132] |
| Fe, Cu, Ni | 0.0125 to 1.0 M | Triticum vulgare L. | Fe NPs stimulated growth compared to control, Ni and Cu NPs caused toxic effects on growth as metal content elevated, they also caused at low concentrations root growth reduction. | [133] |